Nakao, Tetsushi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9979-2682
Koyama, Satoshi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9286-0360
Truong, Buu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0043-0812
Uddin, Md Mesbah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1846-0411
Misra, Anika https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6217-0948
Patel, Aniruddh P.
Bhatnagar, Aarushi https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4699-6779
Viscosi, Victoria
Vlasschaert, Caitlyn
Bick, Alexander G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5824-9595
Nelson, Christopher P.
Codd, Veryan
Samani, Nilesh J.
Hornsby, Whitney
Ellinor, Patrick T.
Natarajan, Pradeep https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8402-7435
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL168894)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K99HL165024)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K99HL169733)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K08HL168238)
Article History
Received: 13 November 2024
Accepted: 27 February 2026
First Online: 27 March 2026
Competing interests
: P.N. reports research grants from Allelica, Amgen, Apple, Boston Scientific, Cleerly, Genentech/Roche, Ionis, Novartis and Silence Therapeutics, personal fees from AIRNA, Allelica, Apple, AstraZeneca, Bain Capital, Blackstone Life Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Creative Education Concepts, CRISPR Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Esperion Therapeutics, Foresite Capital, Foresite Labs, Genentech/Roche, GV, HeartFlow, Magnet Biomedicine, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, TenSixteen Bio and Tourmaline Bio, equity in Bolt, Candela, Mercury, MyOme, Parameter Health, Preciseli and TenSixteen Bio, royalties from Recora for intensive cardiac rehabilitation and spousal employment at Vertex Pharmaceuticals, all unrelated to the present work. T.N. reports speaker fees from Kowa Company, unrelated to the present work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.