McGrail, Carolyn https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7470-5205
Sears, Timothy J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4868-1509
Griffin, Emily N.
Ghaben, Alexandra L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7377-7820
Smadbeck, Patrick
Flannick, Jason https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3618-795X
Kudtarkar, Parul
Carter, Hannah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1729-2463
Gaulton, Kyle https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1318-7161
Funding for this research was provided by:
Endowed Chair from the University of California San Diego
Bergmark Foundation
Mark Foundation for Cancer Research
Article History
Received: 2 July 2024
Accepted: 24 March 2026
First Online: 30 April 2026
Competing interests
: K.G. has served as a consultant for Genentech, received honoraria from Pfizer and is a shareholder at Neurocrine Biosciences. C.M., T.J.S., H.C. and K.G. have a pending patent (19/281,499) related to machine learning methods developed in this study. The other authors declare no competing interests.