Li, Weicheng https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-2674
Garcia-Rivera, Enrique M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1203-2918
Mitchell, Dylan C.
Chick, Joel M.
Maetani, Micah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0905-799X
Bhadoria, Rohit
Knapp, John M.
Misu, Ryosuke https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2019-353X
Matthews, Geoffrey M.
Shirasaki, Ryosuke https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5629-1394
de Matos Simoes, Ricardo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1700-5276
Viswanathan, Vasanthi
Pulice, John L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-9358
Rees, Matthew G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2987-7581
Roth, Jennifer A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5117-5586
Gygi, Steven P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7626-0034
Mitsiades, Constantine S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2321-8005
Kadoch, Cigall
Schreiber, Stuart L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1922-7558
Ostrem, Jonathan M. L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9085-1615
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (3P30CA082103-22S1)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (U01CA217848)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (U01CA217848)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (U01CA272612)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM097645)
de Gunzburg Myeloma Research Fund Cobb Family Myeloma Research Fund
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Center for Scientific Review (1DP2CA195762)
Article History
Received: 7 June 2024
Accepted: 24 July 2025
First Online: 21 August 2025
Competing interests
: J.M.L.O. holds equity in Araxes Pharma, receives research funds from Ono Pharma and advises Revolution Medicines. S.L.S. is a shareholder and serves on the board of directors of Kojin Therapeutics, is a shareholder and advises Jnana Therapeutics, Kisbee Therapeutics, Belharra Therapeutics, Magnet Biomedicine, Exo Therapeutics, Eikonizo Therapeutics and Replay Bio, advises Vividion Therapeutics, Eisai, Ono Pharma Foundation and F-Prime Capital Partners and is a Novartis Faculty Scholar. C.K. is the scientific founder, scientific advisor to the board of directors, scientific advisory board member, shareholder and consultant for Foghorn Therapeutics. C.K. also serves on the scientific advisory boards of Nereid Therapeutics (shareholder and consultant), Nested Therapeutics (shareholder and consultant), Accent Therapeutics (shareholder and consultant) and Fibrogen (consultant) and is a consultant for Cell Signaling Technologies and Google Ventures (shareholder and consultant). E.M.G.-R. is an employee of BullFrog AI. D.C.M. is an employee of Flagship Pioneering. J.M.C. is an employee of Odyssey Therapeutics. M.M. is an employee of Intellia Therapeutics. R.M. is an employee of Ono Pharmaceutical. G.M.M. is an employee of Aculeus Therapeutics. V.V. is an employee of Kojin Therapeutics. None of these relationships influenced this study. C.S.M. serves on the scientific advisory board of Adicet Bio and discloses consultant fees and honoraria from Genentech, Fate Therapeutics, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, FIMECS, Secura Bio and Oncopeptides and research funding from EMD Serono, Karyopharm, Sanofi, Nurix, BMS, H3 Biomedicine/Eisai, Springworks, Abcuro, Novartis and OPNA. R.S. received honoraria and research funding from FIMECS and Janssen Pharmaceutical. The other authors declare no competing interests. None of the above companies had a role in data acquisition, data analysis, manuscript preparation or in the decision to publish.