Ma, Yuefeng
Yang, Leshan
Chen, Yantong
Chen, Michael W.
Yu, Wen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-4525
Dai, Yifan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-5790
Funding for this research was provided by:
McKelvey School of Engineering
Article History
Received: 15 November 2024
Accepted: 10 December 2025
First Online: 9 January 2026
Competing interests
: Y.D. and Y.M. are coinventors on a US provisional patent application (application number: 63/884,618) that incorporates the methods described in this paper. Their interests are reviewed and managed by Washington University in St. Louis in accordance with their conflict-of-interest policies. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.