Zhang, Bingjie http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0535-0371
Upadhyay, Rabi http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2154-0132
Hao, Yuhan
Samanovic, Marie I.
Herati, Ramin S. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2613-4050
Blair, John D.
Axelrad, Jordan http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1951-7790
Mulligan, Mark J.
Littman, Dan R. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2850-8688
Satija, Rahul http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9448-8833
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (RM1HG011014-02)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NIH Office of the Director (1OT2OD033760-01)
Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research
Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (PST-25-19)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI082630, AI158617)
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Article History
Received: 24 January 2023
Accepted: 31 July 2023
First Online: 21 September 2023
Competing interests
: In the past 3 years, R.S. has worked as a consultant for Bristol-Myers Squibb, Regeneron and Kallyope and served as a scientific advisory board member for ImmunAI, Resolve Biosciences, Nanostring and the NYC Pandemic Response Lab. R.S. and Y.H. are co-founders and equity holders of Neptune Bio. As of August 1, 2023, Y.H. is an employee of Neptune Bio. D.R.L. is cofounder of Vedanta Biosciences and ImmunAI, on the advisory boards of IMIDomics and Evommune and on the board of directors of Pfizer. M.J.M. reports potential competing interests: laboratory research and clinical trials contracts with Lilly, Pfizer (exclusive of the current work) and Sanofi for vaccines or MAB vs SARS-CoV-2; contract funding from USG/HHS/BARDA for research specimen characterization and repository; research grant funding from USG/HHS/NIH for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and MAB clinical trials; and personal fees from Meissa Vaccines and Pfizer for scientific advisory board service. R.S.H. has received research support from CareDx for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine studies. R.S.H. is a consultant for Bristol-Myers-Squibb. All other authors declare no competing interests.