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Article History

Received: 2 April 2023

Accepted: 15 February 2024

First Online: 19 March 2024

Competing interests

: J.H.C. receives research support from the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer AstraZeneca fellowship and a sponsored research agreement with Calico labs and previously with Novartis. J.H.C. consults for Merck and has also received a speaking honorarium from the Society for Interventional Oncology and has non-paid technology materials transfer agreements with NanoString and Vizgen. M. Spurrell owns equity in Novo Nordisk. M.P. consults for Third Rock Ventures. C.S.N. holds equity in Opko Health and receives royalties from Life Technologies and Cambridge Epigenetix. S.F.’s salary is partially supported by research funding from IBM. A.M. has served in a consultant/advisory role for Third Rock Ventures, Asher Biotherapeutics, Abata Therapeutics, ManaT Bio, Flare Therapeutics, venBio Partners, BioNTech, Rheos Medicines and Checkmate Pharmaceuticals, is currently a part-time Entrepreneur in Residence at Third Rock Ventures, is an equity holder in ManaT Bio, Asher Biotherapeutics and Abata Therapeutics, and has received research funding support from Bristol Myers Squibb. M.S.-F. receives funding from Bristol Myers Squibb. G.M.B. has sponsored institutional research agreements with Olink Proteomics, Teiko Bio, InterVenn Biosciences and Palleon Pharmaceuticals. G.M.B. served on advisory boards for Iovance, Merck, Nektar Therapeutics, Novartis and Ankyra Therapeutics. G.M.B. consults for Merck, InterVenn Biosciences, Iovance and Ankyra Therapeutics. G.M.B. holds equity in Ankyra Therapeutics. M.J.A has financial and consulting interests unrelated to this work in SeQure Dx and Chroma Medicine. M.M.-K. has served as a consultant for AstraZeneca, BMS, Sanofi and Janssen Oncology and receives royalties from Elsevier. J.F.G. has consulted and/or had advisory roles for Agios, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Array BioPharma, Blueprint Medicines Corporation, BMS, Genentech/Roche, Gilead Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Lilly, Loxo Oncology, Merck, Mirati, Silverback Therapeutics, Sanofi, GlydeBio, Curie Therapeutics, Novartis, Moderna Therapeutics, Oncorus, Regeneron, Takeda and Pfizer; has stock and ownership in Ironwood Pharmaceuticals; and has received Honoraria from Merck, Novartis, Pfizer and Takeda; and institutional research funding from Adaptimmune, ALX Oncology, Merck, Array BioPharma, AstraZeneca, Blueprint Medicines Corporation, BMS, Scholar Rock, Genentech, Jounce Therapeutics, Merck and Novartis; research funding from Novartis, Genentech/Roche and Takeda, and has an immediate family member who is an employee of Ironwood Pharmaceuticals. N.H. holds equity in and advises Danger Bio/Related Sciences, is on the scientific advisory board of Repertoire Immune Medicines and CytoReason, owns equity and has licensed patents to BioNtech, and receives research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb and Calico Life Sciences. J.H., N.F.F. and G.E. are employees of Vizgen. C.P. (now at Takeda) was an employee of Vizgen when this research was conducted. J.W.R. and K.V.R. are employees of NanoString. I.K. receives research funding from the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative and has consulting/advisory roles with Mestag Therapeutics and Scailtye. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.