Canderan, Glenda https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8388-9930
Muehling, Lyndsey M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3203-3264
Kadl, Alexandra
Ladd, Shay https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6662-6255
Bonham, Catherine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-4083
Cross, Claire E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5534-9491
Lima, Sierra M.
Yin, Xihui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1861-1147
Sturek, Jeffrey M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2731-3299
Wilson, Jeffrey M.
Keshavarz, Behnam https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5121-6950
Enfield, Kyle B.
Ramani, Chintan
Bryant, Naomi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5807-9397
Murphy, Deborah D.
Cheon, In Su
Solga, Michael
Pramoonjago, Patcharin
McNamara, Coleen A.
Sun, Jie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2347-4511
Utz, Paul J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1181-1565
Dolatshahi, Sepideh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0226-0933
Irish, Jonathan M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9428-8866
Woodfolk, Judith A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8915-4334
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01 AI100799)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R21 AI138077)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R56 AI178669)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01 AI100799)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R21 AI138077)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R56 AI178669)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01 AI100799)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R21 AI138077)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R56 AI178669)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R21 AI138077)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R56 AI178669)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R21 AI138077)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R56 AI178669)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01 AI100799)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32 AI007496)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01 AI100799)
University of Virginia School of Medicine GAP award
University of Virginia School of Medicine GAP award, University of Virginia Global Infectious Diseases Institute award
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32 GM145443)
University of Virginia Global Infectious Diseases Institute award
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01 CA226833)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01 CA226833)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01 CA226833)
University of Virginia Manning COVID-19 Research Fund
Henry Gustav Floren Trust, the Stanford Department of Medicine Team Science Program, and the Stanford Medicine Office of the Dean
Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (P30 CA68485)
Article History
Received: 1 May 2024
Accepted: 14 February 2025
First Online: 26 March 2025
Competing interests
: J.A.W. receives support for research unrelated to this project from Regeneron. The other authors declare no competinginterests.