Quirk, Grace E. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3327-1511
Schoenle, Marta V.
Peyton, Kameron L.
Uhrlaub, Jennifer L.
Lau, Branden
Liang, Chieh-Yu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4624-7212
Burgess, Jefferey L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2362-9509
Ellingson, Katherine
Beitel, Shawn
Romine, James
Lutrick, Karen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3480-849X
Fowlkes, Ashley
Britton, Amadea
Tyner, Harmony L.
Caban-Martinez, Alberto J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5960-1308
Naleway, Allison
Gaglani, Manjusha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3952-9230
Yoon, Sarang
Edwards, Laura J.
Olsho, Lauren https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-9745
Dake, Michael
Valdez, Riccardo
Gordon, Aubree https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-7877
Diamond, Michael S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8791-3165
LaFleur, Bonnie J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4939-9337
Nikolich, Janko Ž.
Sprissler, Ryan
Worobey, Michael
Bhattacharya, Deepta https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8377-7699
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01AI099108)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01AI129945)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01AI157155)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (75N93021C00015)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (75D30120C08379)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (75D30120C08150)
Article History
Received: 23 October 2024
Accepted: 11 April 2025
First Online: 27 May 2025
Competing interests
: Sana Biotechnology has licensed intellectual property of D.B. and Washington University in St. Louis. Jasper Therapeutics and Inograft Therapeutics have licensed intellectual property of D.B. and Stanford University. D.B. served on an advisory panel for GlaxoSmithKline on COVID-19 therapeutic antibodies. D.B. serves on the scientific advisory board for Hillevax. D.B. is a scientific cofounder of Aleutian Therapeutics. B.J.L. has a financial interest in Cofactor Genomics, Inc. and Iron Horse Dx. Geneticure Inc. has licensed intellectual property of R.S. and R.S. is a cofounder of Geneticure Inc. M.W. has received consulting fees from Gerson Lehrman Group regarding SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 pandemic. M.S.D. is a consultant or advisor for Inbios, Vir Biotechnology, IntegerBio, Moderna, Merck and GlaxoSmithKline. The Diamond laboratory has received unrelated funding support in sponsored research agreements from Vir Biotechnology, Emergent BioSolutions and IntegerBio. The other authors declare no competing interests.