Erlich, Emma C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2584-1407
Alayo, Quazim A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5524-7105
Kim, Ayoung
Han, Jichang
Mintz, Rachel L.
Huckstep, Christopher G. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8066-6343
Ruiz, Heather S.
Field, Rachael L. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1717-9756
Dunning, Taylor J.
Saleh, Leila S.
Hoofnagle, Mark H.
Tumanov, Alexei V. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6042-0152
Guilak, Farshid https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7380-0330
Brestoff, Jonathan R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7018-7400
Czepielewski, Rafael S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2475-3838
Randolph, Gwendalyn J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9045-1195
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI168044)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01AI163064)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI007163)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI007163)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30 DK052574)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DP1DK130660)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK077653)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK007130)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK007130)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30 DK056341)
American Gastroenterological Association (P25-01816)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (K00CA264434)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NCI | Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (F30CA281124)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP220470)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (P30 AR073752)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (P30 AR074992)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NIH Office of the Director (DP5028125)
Burroughs Wellcome Fund (1019648)
Crohn's and Colitis Foundation (938100)
Article History
Received: 16 February 2024
Accepted: 4 August 2025
First Online: 8 September 2025
Competing interests
: G.J.R. and R.S.C. receive royalties from the ADAPT-3D method for whole-mount imaging used in this study. The other authors declare no competing interests.