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Authors
Weng, Chien-Huan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5478-9188
Assouvie, Anais
Dong, Lauren https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8485-0380
Beltra, Jean-Christophe
Budhu, Sadna
Mangarin, Levi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1219-6998
Marouf, Yacine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-1407
Morgado-Palacin, Lucia
Liu, Cailian
Monette, Sébastien
Khan, Jonathan F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3444-8108
Schulze, Isabell https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9672-7655
Zamarin, Dmitriy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0094-0161
Hamadene, Linda
Samaan, Fadi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9124-5414
Hirschhorn, Daniel
Pourpe, Stephane
Schröder, David
Zappasodi, Roberta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7031-6671
Holland, Pamela M.
Anandasabapathy, Niroshana
Wherry, E. John https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0477-1956
Wolchok, Jedd D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6718-2222
Merghoub, Taha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1518-5111
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-21-1-0101)
U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-20-1-0723)
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (N/A)
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (N/A)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (P30CA008748)
Swim Across America and the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy.
Supported in part through a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy.
Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF-22-176; BCRF-23-176)
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Article History
Received: 26 June 2025
Accepted: 24 September 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Competing interests
: C.-H.W., A.A., L.D., L.M.-P., L.M., Y.M., C.L., S.M., J.F.K., I.S., D.Z., L.H., F.S., S.P. and D.S. declare no competing interests related to this work. S.B. received royalties from Agenus for work on LAG-3 and TIM-3. D.H. is an inventor on patent applications related to work on OX40 and GITR. R.Z. is an inventor on patent applications related to work on GITR, PD-1 and CTLA4. R.Z. is consultant for Leap Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo and IFLI, serves as an SAB member for iTeos Therapeutics and receives grant support from Bristol Myers Squibb and Astrazeneca. P.M.H. was employed by Surface Oncology and is currently employed by InduPro. E.J.W. is a member of the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy. E.J.W. is an advisor for Absci, Arpelos Biosciences, Arsenal Biosciences, Coherus, Danger Bio, IpiNovyx, New Limit, Marengo, Pluto Immunotherapeutics, Related Sciences, Santa Ana Bio and Synthekine. E.J.W. is a founder of Arpelos Biosciences, Arsenal Biosciences and Danger Bio, and holds stock in Coherus. N.A. is a consultant for Shennon Biosciences, Panther Life Science, Verrica, Janssen, Immunitas, 23&me, Cellino, Kumquat and Genmab, and serves as an SAB member for Network Bio. J.D.W is a consultant for Ankyra Therapeutics, Apricity, Arsenal Biosciences, Ascentage Pharma, Bicara Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Imvaq, Takeda, Tizona, Trishula Therapeutics, Immunocore (Data Safety Board) and Scancell. J.D.W. received grant/research support from Bristol Myers Squibb. J.D.W. has equity in Apricity, Arsenal IO/CellCarta, Ascentage, Imvaq, Linneaus, Georgiamune, Maverick/Takeda, Tizona Therapeutics and Xenimmune. J.D.W. is an inventor on the following patents: Xenogeneic DNA vaccines, Newcastle disease viruses for cancer therapy, Myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) assay, Prediction of responsiveness to treatment with immunomodulatory therapeutics and method of monitoring abscopal effects during such treatment, Anti-PD-1 antibody, Anti-CTLA4 antibodies, Anti-GITR antibodies and methods of use thereof. T.M. acted in the capacity of consultant for Immunos Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo Co, TigaTx, Normunity and Pfizer. T.M. is a cofounder of and equity holder in IMVAQ Therapeutics. T.M. has received research support from Surface Oncology, Kyn Therapeutics, Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Leap Therapeutics, Aprea Therapeutics, Enterome SA and Realta Life Sciences, and currently receives research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb. T.M. is an inventor on patent applications related to work on oncolytic viral therapy, alpha virus–based vaccine, neoantigen modeling, immunomodulatory nanoparticles, bi-specific activators, FLT3L, CD40, IL-10, IL10R, GITR, OX40, PD-1, CTLA4 and chimeric receptors targeting melanoma differentiation antigens, B7-H3 and MUC-16, and listed as an inventor on a US Provisional Patent Application (Ser. No. 63/888,188) related to work on CD47 and TSP-1.
