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Authors
Naouar, Ikbel
Pangan, Andrei
Zuo, Michelle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6704-453X
Raza, Syed Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4782-2100
Champagne-Jorgensen, Kevin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-1449
Patel, Jyot https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0838-7206
Wang, Angela https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6991-7368
Pu, Annie
Ward, Lesley
Ahn, Jennifer S. Y. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5305-8956
Sayeed, Faizah N.
Zhu, Jingwen
Pössnecker, Elisabeth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6271-2404
Spring, Shoshana
Sled, John G.
Cenni, Bruno https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8603-2032
Nuesslein-Hildesheim, Barbara
Browning, Jeffrey L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9168-5233
Pröbstel, Anne-Katrin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7748-1872
Reich, Daniel S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2628-4334
Gommerman, Jennifer L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4576-6168
Ramaglia, Valeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9401-5988
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RFA-2203-39259)
National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RFA-2203-39259)
National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RFA-2203-39259)
National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RFA-2203-39259)
National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RFA-2203-39259)
National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RFA-2203-39259)
National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RFA-2203-39259)
National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RFA-2203-39259)
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs through the (Multiple Sclerosis Research Program) under Award No.
Gouvernement du Canada | Instituts de Recherche en Santé du Canada | CIHR Skin Research Training Centre (525895)
Gouvernement du Canada | Instituts de Recherche en Santé du Canada | CIHR Skin Research Training Centre (525895)
Gouvernement du Canada | Instituts de Recherche en Santé du Canada | CIHR Skin Research Training Centre (525895)
Gouvernement du Canada | Instituts de Recherche en Santé du Canada | CIHR Skin Research Training Centre (525895)
Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada (1423841)
Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada (1423841)
Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada (1423841)
Novartis
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
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Article History
Received: 7 January 2025
Accepted: 4 November 2025
First Online: 2 January 2026
Competing interests
: J.L.G. has a shared patent on ‘Methods of treating an autoimmune disease’: WO2020102895A1, US20210401939A1, EP3883593A4 and CA3120454A1. The patent provides methods of treating an autoimmune disease (for example, multiple sclerosis) or reducing inflammation by administering at least a B cell activating Factor (BAFF) polypeptide to a subject in need thereof. The effect of BAFF on plasmablast/plasma cells and their role in autoimmune diseases is also disclosed. D.S.R. has received research funding from Abata and Sanofi, related to but separate from his contribution to the current work. The other authors declare no competing interests. B.C. and B.N.-H. are employees of Novartis.
