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Authors
Sonner, Jana K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4700-272X
Kahn, Audrey
Binkle-Ladisch, Lars https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6168-3210
Engler, Jan Broder https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-2076
Haack, Beatrice
Zeiler, Christina
Unger, Lisa
Bauer, Simone
Fischbach, Felix
Almanzar, Giovanni
Walkenhorst, Mark
Mayer, Christina
Kolakowska, Aneta
Graute, Sebastian https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1007-6298
Ramien, Caren https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3949-1359
Winschel, Ingo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9487-7070
Rothammer, Nicola
Heine, Markus
Horneffer-van der Sluis, Verena
Thiemann, Vincent
Vieira, Vanessa
Meurs, Nina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5366-0123
Renné, Thomas
Prelog, Martina
Jørgensen, Sebastian Beck
Seeley, Randy J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3721-5625
Diemert, Anke
Arck, Petra C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2932-926X
Gold, Stefan M.
Heeren, Joerg https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-1034
Wischhusen, Jörg
Friese, Manuel A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6380-2420
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (255154572, 534829736, 405358801)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (523862973)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (255154572, 534829736)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (255154572, 534829736)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (534829736)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (255154572, 534829736)
Werner Otto-Stiftung
Gemeinnützige Hertie-Stiftung (P1200009)
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01KT2310)
European Commission (ERA-NET – JTC 2021, iParaCyts)
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Article History
Received: 9 March 2025
Accepted: 5 December 2025
First Online: 15 January 2026
Competing interests
: S.B.J. is an employee of Novo Nordisk, a pharmaceutical company producing and selling medicine for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. R.J.S. has received research support from Novo Nordisk, Fractyl, Astra Zeneca, Congruence Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, Bullfrog AI, Glyscend Therapeutics and Amgen. R.J.S. has served as a paid consultant for Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, CinRx, Fractyl, Structure Therapeutics, Crinetics, Amgen, Congruence Therapeutics and Nuanced Health. R.J.S. has equity in Bullfrog AI, Nuanced Health, Coro Bio and Rewind. J.W. is an inventor on patents related to GDF-15 as a biomarker and therapeutic target in cancer, and a cofounder and shareholder of the biotech company CatalYm. The other authors declare no competing interests.
