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Authors
Hayashi, Fumie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7754-3770
Mittl, Kristen
Dandekar, Ravi
Gerdts, Josiah
Hassan, Ebtesam
Schubert, Ryan D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3132-5831
Oshiro, Lindsay https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9773-5524
Loudermilk, Rita
Greenfield, Ariele
Augusto, Danillo G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5665-8547
Havton, Gregory
Anumarlu, Shriya
Surapaneni, Arhan
Ramesh, Akshaya
Tran, Edwina
Koshal, Kanishka
Kizer, Kerry
Dreux, Joanna
Cagalingan, Alaina K.
Schustek, Florian
Flood, Lena
Moore, Tamson
Kirkemo, Lisa L.
Fisher, Isabelle J.
Cooper, Tiffany
Harms, Meagan
Gomez, Refujia
,
Abdelhak, Ahmed
Baranzini, Sergio
Bove, Riley
Caillier, Stacy
Cuneo, Richard
Gelfand, Jeffrey
Green, Ari
Guo, Joanne
Gupta, Sasha
Halait, Harkee
Henry, Roland G.
Hollenbach, Jill A.
Oksenberg, Jorge R.
Papinutto, Nico
Pleasure, Samuel
Renschen, Adam
Sacco, Simone
Santaniello, Adam
Sindalovsky, Anna
Clelland, Claire D.
Sibener, Leah
Cree, Bruce A. C.
Hauser, Stephen L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4932-4001
Hollenbach, Jill A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6572-7962
Gee, Marvin
Wilson, Michael R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8705-5084
Zamvil, Scott S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2720-9915
Sabatino, Joseph J. Jr https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6804-7441
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (K08NS107619)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (R01NS092835)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (R35NS111644)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (R01AI158861)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (R01NS092835)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (R21AI142186)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (R21AI142186)
National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RG-2110-38434)
National Multiple Sclerosis Society (FAN-1608-25607)
Uehara Memorial Foundation (202140013)
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Article History
Received: 20 February 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 5 February 2026
Competing interests
: A.R. is a current employee of Genentech. J.D., A.K.C., F.S., L.F., T.F., L.L.K., L.S. and M.G. are currently or previously employed by 3T Biosciences. M.R.W. has received research grant funding from Roche/Genentech, Novartis and Kyverna Therapeutics; speaking honoraria from Genentech, Takeda, WebMD and Novartis; and consulting fees from Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Ouro Medicines, Indapta Therapeutics, Pfizer and Delve Bio; is on the Board of Directors of Delve Bio and has received licensing fees from CDI Labs. J.J.S. has received research grant funding from Roche/Genentech and Novartis, advisory board honoraria from IgM Biosciences and TG Therapeutics, and has received stock options as a consultant for Sift BioSciences. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
