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Article History
Received: 6 June 2025
Accepted: 8 January 2026
First Online: 10 February 2026
Competing interests
: O.F.L., D.S.W. and M.S. are employees of Noxopharm and Pharmorage. M.P.G. and B.C.’s groups receive funding from Noxopharm to study the activity of oligonucleotides on TLR7/8. M.P.G. receives consulting and advisory fees from Noxopharm. M.P.G. does not personally own shares and/or equity in Noxopharm. M.P.G., O.F.L., D.S.W., M.S. and S.S. are named inventors of a patent relating to the trimer oligonucleotide technology developed herein (WO2024077351). O.F.L. owns shares and/or equity in Noxopharm. The other authors declare no competing interests.