McCaffrey, Erin F. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7241-1798
Delmastro, Alea C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7959-3165
Fitzhugh, Isobel
Ranek, Jolene S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0701-0565
Douglas, Sarah
Peters, Joshua M.
Fullaway, Christine Camacho https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4924-591X
Bosse, Marc https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4912-8059
Liu, Candace C.
Gillen, Craig
Greenwald, Noah F.
Anzick, Sarah
Martens, Craig
Winfree, Seth
Bai, Yunhao
Sowers, Cameron
Goldston, Mako
Kong, Alex
Boonrat, Potchara
Bigbee, Carolyn L.
Venugopalan, Roopa
Maiello, Pauline
Klein, Edwin
Rodgers, Mark A.
Scanga, Charles A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3654-5603
Lin, Philana Ling https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5169-3714
Bendall, Sean C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1341-2453
Kirschner, Denise E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1053-2591
Fortune, Sarah M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7565-9975
Bryson, Bryan D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-6712
Butler, J. Russell
Mattila, Joshua T.
Flynn, JoAnne L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7874-8981
Angelo, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1531-5067
Funding for this research was provided by:
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (AI191425)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (CA264307)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01AI166313)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01AI164970)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (AI164970)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (AI164970)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Article History
Received: 25 April 2025
Accepted: 9 January 2026
First Online: 23 February 2026
Competing interests
: M.A. and S.C.B. are named inventors on patent US20150287578A1, which covers the mass spectrometry approach utilized by MIBI-TOF to detect elemental reporters in tissue using secondary ion mass spectrometry. The other authors declare no competing interests.