Khurana, Surender https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0593-7965
Posadas, Olivia
Kardava, Lela https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9135-6026
Coyle, Elizabeth M.
Ravichandran, Supriya
Grubbs, Gabrielle
McConnell, Rosemary
Rouphael, Nadine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2512-7919
Poliquin, Guillaume
Langley, Joanne M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3270-7345
Chu, Eric
Follmann, Dean A.
Shang, Xiaoran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-4557
Li, Yuxing https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9785-2960
Moir, Susan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0163-6911
Davey, Richard T. Jr
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Medical Countermeasures initiative (MCMi) OCET 2020-1355)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Threat Reduction Agency (HDTRA1930447)
Public Health Agency of Canada
Canadian Immunization Research Network
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (HHSN272200700016I)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (75N910D00024)
Article History
Received: 14 July 2025
Accepted: 11 February 2026
First Online: 19 March 2026
Competing interests
: Emory receives funds for N.R. to conduct research from Sanofi, Lilly, Merck, Quidel, Immorna, Vaccine Company and Pfizer. N.R. served on selected advisory boards for Sanofi, Seqirus, Pfizer and Moderna and is a paid clinical trials safety consultant for ICON, CyanVac, Imunon and EMMES. The rest of the authors have declared that no competing interests exist.