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Authors
Matz, Hanover C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0669-1696
Yu, Tae-Geun
Dixit, Kritika
Kikawa, Caroline
Zhou, Julian Q. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9602-2092
Pena Alzua, Garazi
Peyton, Lowrey
Madsen, Anders
Han, Fangjie
Farrell, Ariana Ghez https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1389-0992
Hoelzl, Robert https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2536-8219
Schmitz, Aaron J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8077-6751
Horvath, Stephen C.
Keplinger, Hunter K.
Strnad, Benjamin S.
Hoegger, Mark J.
Middleton, William D.
Klebert, Michael K.
Lin, Nina H.
Nachbagauer, Raffael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5568-5420
Krammer, Florian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4121-776X
Paris, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3234-5989
Bloom, Jesse D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1267-3408
Turner, Jackson S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4396-6265
Presti, Rachel M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5469-0727
Lee, Jiwon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7835-3621
Ellebedy, Ali H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6129-2532
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01AI141990)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01AI144616)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (75N93021C00014)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (75N93019C00051)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI007172)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI083203)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (75N93019C00051)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI165821)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (75N93021C00015)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (T32CA009547)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2024-00411420)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM113132)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P01AI089618)
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Article History
Received: 4 March 2026
Accepted: 20 May 2026
First Online: 15 June 2026
Competing interests
: The laboratory of A.H.E. and the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit received funding under sponsored research agreements from Moderna related to the data presented in the current study. The laboratory of A.H.E. received funding from Emergent BioSolutions and AbbVie that is unrelated to the data presented in the current study. A.H.E. has received consulting and speaking fees from InBios International, Fimbrion Therapeutics, RGAX, Mubadala Investment Company, Moderna, Pfizer, GSK, Danaher, Third Rock Ventures, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley and is the founder of ImmuneBio Consulting. A.J.S., J.S.T. and A.H.E. are recipients of a licensing agreement with Abbvie that is unrelated to the data presented in the current study. N.H.L., R.N. and R.P. are employees of and shareholders in Moderna. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has filed patent applications regarding influenza virus vaccines on which F.K. is listed as inventor and F.K. has received royalty payments from some of these patents. F.K. is co-founder and scientific advisory board member of Castlevax. F.K. has consulted for Merck, GSK, Sanofi, Curevac, Gritstone, Seqirus and Pfizer and is currently consulting for 3rd Rock Ventures and Avimex. The laboratory of F.K. is also collaborating with Dynavax on influenza vaccine development and with VIR on influenza virus therapeutics. J.D.B. is on the scientific advisory boards of Apriori Bio, Invivyd, Aerium Therapeutics and the Vaccine Company. J.D.B. consults for GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer. J.D.B. receives royalty payments as inventors on Fred Hutch licensed patents related to incorporating barcodes into the influenza genome and viral deep mutational scanning. The other authors declare no competing interests.
