Kratchmarov, Radomir https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6796-8564
Jia, Xiaojiong
Nagai, Jun
Pacheco, Gaspar A.
Perniss, Alexander
Bell, Madeleine R. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1350-3578
Gül, Ersin
Thompson, Thornton W.
Hayashi, Hiroaki
Saghaei, Shahab https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8068-7132
Wong, Caitlin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6807-7835
Hastings, Madeline M.
Alhallak, Kinan
Lai, Juying https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5900-7504
Feng, Chunli
Bankova, Lora
Wesemann, Duane R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6690-944X
von Moltke, Jakob https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2894-3353
Boyce, Joshua A.
Brennan, Patrick J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0715-8209
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI095219)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI187143)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI095219)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI007306)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K08AI190123)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI095219)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI095219)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI095219)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI095219)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI095219)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI095219)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI145848)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI095219)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI170715)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI095219)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI167923)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI145848)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI167923)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI145848)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI167923)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI145848)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI095219)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI095219)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI095219)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI170715)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI170715)
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI167923)
Article History
Received: 16 August 2025
Accepted: 13 July 2026
First Online: 20 August 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.