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Authors
Ghirardelli Smith, Olivia C.
Dao, Tyler T. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1468-3896
Gavil, Noah V. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4686-4181
O’Flanagan, Stephen D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9286-1208
Rubin, Adam J.
Nguyen, Son https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0475-5158
Watowich, Matthew B.
Liu, Nuo
Weyu, Eyob
Quarnstrom, Clare F.
Soerens, Andrew G.
Joag, Vineet
Rosato, Pamela C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7909-3868
Krummel, Matthew F. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7915-3533
Geller, Melissa A.
Miller, Jeffrey S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0339-4944
Giubellino, Alessio
Vezys, Vaiva https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-809X
Shalek, Alex K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5670-8778
Masopust, David https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9440-3884
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01CA238439)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (F30CA253992)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (P30-CA014051)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI146032)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI084913)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (F30AI181450)
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (GR1001820)
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Article History
Received: 23 February 2026
Accepted: 6 August 2026
First Online: 8 September 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: D.M. reports compensation for consulting or scientific advisory roles from Trojan Bio. A.K.S. reports compensation for consulting or scientific advisory board membership from Honeycomb Biotechnologies, Cellarity, Ochre Bio, Relation Therapeutics, Quotient Therapeutics, Wolf Greenfield, Bio-Rad Laboratories, IntrECate Biotherapeutics, Parabilis Medicines, JnJ, Danaher, Passkey Therapeutics and Dahlia Biosciences unrelated to this work. A.K.S. reports research support from Break Through Cancer, Wellcome Leap, NIH, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Foundation MIT, the Moore Foundation, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Coca-Cola, the UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital and Becton Dickinson and Company. M.A.G. reports compensation for speaking or board membership from GSK, Fairview and AstraZeneca. M.A.G. reports research support from HCW Biologics and Fate Therapeutics. The other authors declare no competing interests.
