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Article History

Received: 13 April 2020

Accepted: 26 August 2020

First Online: 5 October 2020

Competing interests

: R.D. reports intermittent, project-focused consulting and/or advisory relationships with Novartis, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), Roche, Amgen, Takeda, Pierre Fabre, Sun Pharma, Sanofi, Catalym, Second Genome, Regeneron and Alligator outside the submitted work. C.L. reports research funding from Roche and BMS, speakers bureau for Roche, BMS, MSD, Amgen, Novartis and Pierre Fabre, and consulting and advisory roles for BMS, MSD, Roche, Novartis, Merck Serono, Sanofi and Pierre Fabre. V.A. reports advisory roles for BMS, Merck Serono, MSD, Novartis, Roche, Nektar and Pierre Fabre, and received speaker’s fees from BMS, Merck, MSD and Novartis, and travel support from BMS, MSD and Onco-Sec. M.M. reports consulting or advisory roles for MSD, Roche, BMS and Pierre Fabre and research funding from Roche, Novartis and BMS. P.D.N. reports advisory roles for BMS, Immunocore, Merck, MSD, Novartis and Pfizer, speaker’s bureaux for BMS and Novartis and steering committee membership for Immunocore, Merck and Novartis. A.A. reports personal fees and other from BMS, MSD, Roche, Novartis, Merck, Sanofi, Amgen and Pierre Fabre, outside the submitted work. E.R. reports consulting or advisory roles for Amgen, Bayer, BMS, MSD, Merck, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Roche and Sanofi; reception of honoraria from Amgen, Bayer, BMS, MSD, Merck, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Roche and Sanofi; speaker’s bureaux for Amgen, BMS, MSD, Merck, Novartis, Pierre Fabre and Sanofi; research funding from Amgen, BMS, MSD, Novartis, Pierre Fabre and Roche; travel support from Amgen, BMS, MSD, Merck, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Roche and Sanofi; and President of the Austrian Cancer Aid/Styria. N.Y. reports consulting and advisory roles for Novartis, Ono, BMS and MSD, honoraria from Novartis, Ono, BMS and MSD and institutional research support from Novartis, Ono, BMS, MSD and Takara-Bio. C.R. reports consulting or advisory roles for BMS, Roche, Amgen, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, MSD, Sanofi, Biothera, CureVac and Merck. D.S. reports research funding from Novartis and BMS. H.A.T. reports consulting or advisory roles for Novartis, BMS, Roche-Genentech, Merck and Array BioPharma and research funding from BMS, Novartis, Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech/Roche and Celgene. P.A.A. reports consulting or advisory roles for BMS, Roche-Genentech, MSD, Array, Novartis, Merck Serono, Pierre Fabre, Incyte, NewLink Genetics, Genmab, Medimmune, AstraZeneca, Syndax, Sun Pharma, Sanofi, Idera, Ultimovacs, Sandoz, Immunocore, 4SC, Alkermes, Italfarmaco, Nektar and Boehringer Ingelheim, research funding from BMS, Roche-Genentech and Array and travel support from MSD. A.R. reports serving as a consultant/independent contractor for, and being the recipient of honoraria from, Amgen, Chugai, Merck, Novartis and Sanofi; advisory roles and receipt of honoraria from Arcus, Bioncotech, Compugen, CytomX, ImaginAb, Isoplexis, Merus, Rgenix, Lutris, PACT Pharma and Tango Therapeutics; self-managed stock shareholder in Arcus, Compugen, CytomX and Merus; and research support from Agilent and BMS. K.T.F. reports advisory roles for Clovis Oncology, Strata Oncology, Vivid Biosciences, Checkmate Pharmaceuticals, X4 Pharmaceuticals, PIC Therapeutics, Sanofi, Amgen, Asana, Adaptimmune, Fount, Aeglea, Stattuck Labs, Tolero, Apricity, Oncoceutics, Fog Pharma, Neon, Tvardi, xCures, Monopteros and Vibliome; consulting roles for Lilly, Novartis, Genentech, BMS, Merck, Takeda, Verastem, Boston Biomedical, Pierre Fabre and Debiopharm; research funding from Novartis and Sanofi; and stock shareholder in Clovis Oncology, Strata Oncology, Vivid Biosciences, Checkmate Pharmaceuticals, X4 Pharmaceuticals, PIC Therapeutics, Fount, Shattuck Labs, Apricity, Oncoceutics, Fog Pharma, Tvardi, xCures, Monopteros and Vibliome. N.P. reports employment at Novartis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. C.D.C. reports employment with, and stock in, Novartis Pharmaceuticals. D.G. reports employment with Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research. A.M. reports employment by Novartis and stock or ownership in Novartis and BMS. J.C.B. reports employment by, and stock ownership in, Novartis, and is a coinventor on a patent application related to reported biomarker subgroups of interest. E.G. reports employment by, and stock ownership in, Novartis. G.V.L. reports consultant advisory roles for Aduro Biotech, Inc., Pierre Fabre Medicament, BMS, Amgen, MSD, Novartis Pharma, Array BioPharma, Syneos and Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals. All authors received support for third-party medical writing and editorial assistance provided by ArticulateScience LLC and funded by Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation.