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Article History

Received: 23 March 2021

Accepted: 7 May 2021

First Online: 26 May 2021

Competing interests

: L.A. is funded by the Royal Marsden Cancer Charity. A.F. has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 892360. M.C., K.A.W. and R.J.W. receive core funding from the Francis Crick Institute (FC001218). J.S. and W.H. are employees and shareholders at Serimmune. N.J.-H. receives funding from Cancer Research UK (grant ref. no. C65320/A26413). J.L. has worked in a consulting or advisory role for Achilles Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Boston Biomedical, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, EUSA Pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, Imugene, Incyte, iOnctura, Ipsen, Kymab, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Nektar Therapeutics, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Pfizer, Roche/Genetech, Secarna and Vitaccess and has received support from NIHR RM/ICR Biomedical Research Centre for Cancer and institutional research support from Achilles Therapeutics, Aveo, Bristol Myers Squibb, Covance, Immunocore, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Nektar Therapeutics, Novartis, Pharmacyclics, Pfizer and Roche. C.S. acknowledges grant support from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche-Ventana, Boehringer Ingelheim, Archer Dx (collaboration in minimal residual disease sequencing technologies) and Ono Pharmaceutical. C.S. is an AstraZeneca Advisory Board member and Chief Investigator for the MeRmaiD1 clinical trial. C.S has consulted for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bicycle Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, GRAIL, Illumina, Medixci, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche-Ventana and the Sarah Cannon Research Institute. C.S. has stock options in Apogen Biotechnologies, Epic Biosciences and GRAIL and has stock options and is co-founder of Achilles Therapeutics. C.S. holds pending patents relating to assay technology to detect tumor recurrence (PCT/GB2017/ 053289); targeting neoantigens (PCT/EP2016/059401); identifying patent response to immune checkpoint blockade (PCT/EP2016/071471); determining whether HLA LOH is lost in a tumor (PCT/GB2018/052004); predicting survival rates of patients with cancer (PCT/GB2020/050221); treating cancer by targeting insertion/deletion mutations (PCT/GB2018/051893); identifying insertion/deletion mutation targets (PCT/GB2018/051892); methods for lung cancer detection (PCT/US2017/028013); and identifying responders to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912). C.S. is Royal Society Napier Research Professor (RP150154). His work is supported by the Francis Crick Institute, which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK (FC001169), the UK Medical Research Council (FC001169) and the Wellcome Trust (FC001169). C.S. is funded by Cancer Research UK (TRACERx, PEACE and CRUK Cancer Immunotherapy Catalyst Network), Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence (C11496/A30025), the Rosetrees Trust, the Butterfield and Stoneygate Trusts, NovoNordisk Foundation (ID16584), a Royal Society Professorship Enhancement Award (RP/EA/180007), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospitals, the Cancer Research UK-University College London Centre, the Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF) and a Stand Up To Cancer‐LUNGevity-American Lung Association Lung Cancer Interception Dream Team Translational Research Grant (SU2C-AACR-DT23-17). Stand Up To Cancer is a program of the Entertainment Industry Foundation. Research grants are administered by the American Association for Cancer Research, the Scientific Partner of SU2C. C.S. receives funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) Consolidator Grant (FP7-THESEUS-617844), European Commission ITN (FP7-PloidyNet 607722), an ERC Advanced Grant (PROTEUS) from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 835297) and Chromavision from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 665233). D.L. is the recipient of the Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group/Merck Clinical Research Fellowship. S.B. has worked in an advisory role for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Clovis Oncology, Epsilogen, Genmab, GlaxoSmithKline, Immunogen, Mersana, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merck Sereno, Oncxerna, Pfizer, Tesaro and Roche; has received institution research funding from AstraZeneca; and has received funding support from NIHR RM/ICR Biomedical Research Centre for Cancer. I.C. has worked in a consulting or advisory role for Eli Lilly, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bayer, Roche, Merck Serono, Five Prime Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, OncXerna, Pierre Fabre, Boehringer Ingelheim, Incyte and Astellas; has received research funding from Eli Lilly and Janssen-Cilag; and has received honoraria from Eli Lilly and Eisai. S.T. has received speaking fees from Roche, AstraZeneca, Novartis and Ipsen. G.K. receives core funding from the Francis Crick Institute (FC0010099). S.T. is funded by Cancer Research UK (grant ref. no. C50947/A18176), the Francis Crick Institute (which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK (FC0010988), the UK Medical Research Council (FC0010988) and the Wellcome Trust (FC0010988)), the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the Royal Marsden Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research (grant ref. no. A109), the Royal Marsden Cancer Charity, the Rosetrees Trust (grant ref. no. A2204), Ventana Medical Systems (grant ref. nos. 10467 and 10530), the National Institutes of Health and the Melanoma Research Alliance. All other authors declare no financial conflicts of interest.