Document is current

Article History

Received: 9 February 2022

Accepted: 21 June 2022

First Online: 25 July 2022

Competing interests

: M.C. is Director of the Birmingham Health Partners Center for Regulatory Science and Innovation and Director of the Center for Patient-Reported Outcomes Research and is an NIHR Senior Investigator. M.C. receives funding from the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Center (BRC), NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Center (SRMRC), NIHR Birmingham-Oxford Blood and Transplant Research Unit (BTRU) in Precision Transplant and Cellular Therapeutics and NIHR Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) West Midlands at the University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Health Data Research UK, Innovate UK (part of UK Research and Innovation), Macmillan Cancer Support, SPINE UK, UKRI, UCB Pharma, Janssen, GSK and Gilead. M.C. has received personal fees from Astellas, Aparito, CIS Oncology, Takeda, Merck, Daiichi Sankyo, Glaukos, GSK and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute outside the submitted work. S.E.H. receives funding from NIHR ARC, West Midlands and the NIHR BTRU in Precision Transplant and Cellular Therapeutics at the University of Birmingham. S.E.H. declares personal fees from Cochlear and Aparito outside the submitted work. O.L.A. receives funding from the NIHR Birmingham BRC, NIHR ARC, West Midlands, NIHR BTRU in Precision Transplant and Cellular Therapeutics at the University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation, Innovate UK, Gilead Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals and Sarcoma UK. O.L.A. declares personal fees from Gilead Sciences, GSK and Merck outside the submitted work. C.M. receives funding from NIHR SRMRC, NIHR BTRU in Precision Transplant and Cellular Therapeutics and Innovate UK and has received personal fees from Aparito outside the submitted work. A.D.S. is supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from THIS Institute, NIHR University College London Hospitals BRC, grants from NIHR and British Heart Foundation Accelerator Award. E.S. has received grants from the Wellcome Trust, MRC, NIHR EME, NIHR HTA, HDR-UK, BLF, EPSRC and Alpha 1 Foundation in the last 36 months. She has been an honorarium for lectures about COVID-19 treatments, which are run by GSK, attended a virtual conference at the European Respiratory Society in 2020 that was funded by AstraZeneca and participated in an advisory board for COPD, which is run by Boehringer Ingelheim. S.M. has received funding from NIHR (RfPB, PGfAR, HTA and EME streams), UKRI, ESRC and the Midlands Engine. He has attended educational events funded by Psychiatric Genetic Testing, Janssen and Lundbeck in the last 5 years. P.M., T.W., C.I. and E.L. are employees of CPRD, the data custodians for CPRD Aurum. CPRD is jointly sponsored by the UK Government’s MHRA and NIHR. As a not-for-profit UK Government body, CPRD seeks to recoup the cost of delivering its research services to academic, industry and government researchers through research user license fees. J.C. receives funding from NIHR on PPI from a study at UCL (NIHR132914) and a study at University Hospitals Bristol (NIHR203304). J.C. is a lay member on the NICE COVID expert panel and a citizen partner on the COVID END Evidence Synthesis Global Horizon Scanning panel. J.C. declares personal fees from MEDABLE, GlaxoSmithKline and Roche Canada outside of submitted work. K.L.M. is a trustee and volunteer at long COVID SOS. K.L.M. is on the long COVID Advisory Board for Dysautonomia International and is employed by NIHR. T.M. receives funding from NIHR ARC, West Midlands. G.V.G. receives funding from the NIHR Birmingham ECMC, NIHR Birmingham SRMRC, Nanocommons H2020-EU (731032), MAESTRIA (grant agreement no. 965286) and the MRC Health Data Research UK (HDRUK/CFC/01). J.M.L. receives funding from the MRC, Versus Arthritis, NIHR, FOREUM, UKSPINE and the Scar Free Foundation and declares personal fees from Bayer. F.K. is supported by an NIHR Doctoral Fellowship award (grant no. 300688). M.J.P. is supported by NIHR BRC. All other co-authors declare no competing interests. The views expressed are those of the investigators, and the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.