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Article History

Received: 8 March 2022

Accepted: 26 July 2022

First Online: 12 September 2022

Competing interests

: C.C. reports receiving honoraria and speaker’s bureau compensation from Servier, Bayer, Merck, Amgen, Pierre Fabre, MSD, Roche and Nordic Pharma and research grants from Merck, Servier and Amgen. D.G. was an employee of Novartis and was a shareholder while this work was being conducted. D.P.K. is an employee of Novartis. E.E. reports receiving honoraria for an advisory role, travel grants and research grants (past 5 years) from Hoffmann-La Roche, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Servier, Amgen, Merck Serono, Array Biopharma, Sanofi and Bayer. Her institution received honoraria due to her investigator contribution in clinical trials from Array Biopharma, MSD, Abbvie, Amgen, GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hoffmann-La Roche, Medimmune, Pierre-Fabre and Sanofi Aventis. F.P. received honoraria from Amgen, Merck Serono, Lilly, Sanofi, Bayer, Servier, MSD, AstraZeneca and Organon and research grants from AstraZeneca and BMS. G.K. is an employee of Novartis. G.V. has received a speaker’s fee from MSD and Pierre Fabrer and has held an advisory role with AstraZeneca. J.R. declares receiving honoraria from Sanofi and travel and accommodation expenses from Amgen, Merck and Sanofi. J.T. reports having a personal financial interest in the form of a scientific consultancy role for Array Biopharma, AstraZeneca, Avvinity, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai, Daiichi Sankyo, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Genentech, HalioDX, Hutchison MediPharma International, Ikena Oncology, Inspirna, IQVIA, Lilly, Menarini, Merck Serono, Merus, MSD, Mirati, Neophore, Novartis, Ona Therapeutics, Orion Biotechnology, Peptomyc, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi, Seattle Genetics, Scandion Oncology, Servier, Sotio Biotech, Taiho, Tessa Therapeutics and TheraMyc, as well as educational collaboration with Imedex, Medscape Education, MJH Life Sciences, PeerView Institute for Medical Education and Physicians Education Resource (PER). P.N. reports receiving honoraria or consultation fees from Novartis, Bayer and MSD Oncology and had travel and accommodation paid for or reimbursed by Novartis. R.A.T. reports receiving a research grant related to this study from Novartis and research grants unrelated to this study from AstraZeneca and Beigene. R.D. declares an advisory role for Roche and Boehringer Ingelheim and received a speaker’s fee from Roche, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ipsen, Amgen, Servier, Sanofi, Libbs and Merck Sharp & Dohme and research grants from Merck and Pierre Fabre. R.P.-L. has acted in a consulting or advisory role for Roche, and she has participated in speaker bureaus sponsored by Roche and Pfizer. She is also the principal investigator in research grants to VHIO funded by AstraZeneca and Roche. S. Lonardi declares no conflict of interest inside the scope of the present work but declares interests in other projects from a consulting or advisory role (Amgen, Merck Serono, Lilly, AstraZeneca, Incyte, Daiichi-Sankyo, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Servier and MSD); speaker’s bureau compensation from Roche, Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Servier, Merck Serono, Pierre-Fabre, GSK and Amgen; and research funding from Amgen, Merck Serono, Bayer, Roche, Lilly, AstraZeneca and Bristol-Myers Squibb. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.