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Article History

Received: 30 March 2022

Accepted: 24 August 2022

First Online: 10 October 2022

Competing interests

: W.T.G. reports a grant from Novo Nordisk; serving as site principal investigator for the current clinical trial, which was sponsored by his university during the conduct of the study; and receiving grants to serve as site principal investigator for other university-sponsored clinical trials funded by Eli Lilly & Company, Lexicon, Epitomee and Pfizer outside the submitted work. He also served as a compensated consultant on advisory committees for Alnylam, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fractyl and Novo Nordisk, and a volunteer uncompensated consultant on advisory committees for Boehringer Ingelheim, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk and Pfizer. R.L.B. reports research grant support, on behalf of their institution, from Novo Nordisk and advisory/consultancy fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly & Company, Gila Therapeutics Inc, GLW-01, International Medical Press, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and ViiV. M.B. is an employee of Novo Nordisk A/S. S.B. served as site principal investigator for the clinical trial (he received no financial compensation, nor was there a financial relationship) and reports advisory/consulting fees and/or other support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly & Company, Guidotti Laboratories, Menarini Diagnostics, Novo Nordisk and Therascience Lignaform. L.N.C. is an employee of Novo Nordisk A/S. J.P.F. reports research support grants from Akero, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, 89bio, Eli Lilly & Company, Intercept, IONIS, Janssen, Madrigal, Metacrine, Merck, NorthSea Therapeutics, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Oramed, Pfizer, Poxel and Sanofi; and advisory/consultancy fees from Akero, Altimmune, Axcella Health, Becton Dickenson, Boehringer Ingelheim, Carmot Therapeutics, Echosens, 89bio, Eli Lilly & Company, Gilead, Intercept, Metacrine, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Sanofi. E.J. reports grants from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, FAES, Janssen, Eli Lilly & Company, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi, Shire and UCB; personal fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, FAES, Helios-Fresenius, Italfármaco, Eli Lilly & Company, MSD, Mundipharma, Novo Nordisk, UCB and Viatris. K.K. is an employee of Novo Nordisk A/S. G.R. reports personal (advisory/consultancy and lecture) fees and nonfinancial support from iNova Pharmaceuticals, Nestle HealthScience and Novo Nordisk; personal (lecture) fees from Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic (formerly Covidien), Merck Sharpe & Dohme, ReShape Lifesciences (formerly Apollo-Endosurgery and Allergan Australia) and W.L. Gore Device Technologies. T.A.W. serves on advisory boards for Novo Nordisk and WW (formerly Weight Watchers), and has received grant support, on behalf of the University of Pennsylvania, from Novo Nordisk and from Epitomee Medical Ltd (the latter outside of the submitted work). S.W. reports research funding, advisory/consulting fees and/or other support from AstraZeneca, Bausch Health Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim, CIHR, Janssen, Eli Lilly & Company and Novo Nordisk.