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First Online: 5 January 2023

Competing interests

: I.B. is a collaborator on projects that receive funding from Cochlear, but maintains academic independence for all research initiatives. S.E.H. receives funding from the NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit (BTRU) in Precision Therapeutics, UKRI, National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) COVID-19 Relief Fund, UK SPINE and declares personal fees from Cochlear, Astra Zeneca, CIS Oncolog, and Aparito outside the submitted work. M.C. receives funding from the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, the NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) West Midlands, the NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit (BTRU) in Precision Therapeutics, UK SPINE, European Regional Development Fund – Demand Hub and Health Data Research UK at the University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Innovate UK (part of UKRI), Macmillan Cancer Support, UCB Pharma, Janssen, GSK and Gilead. M.C. has received personal fees from Astellas, Aparito, CIS Oncology, Takeda, Merck, Daiichi Sankyo, Glaukos, GSK and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) outside the submitted work; and a family member owns shares in GSK. The other authors declare having no relevant competing interests. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of their employing institutions.