Document is current

Article History

Received: 11 March 2022

Accepted: 29 December 2022

First Online: 16 February 2023

Competing interests

: A.J.S. holds stock options in Exhalenz, Durect, Genfit, Hemoshear, Indalo, Rivus, Sanyal Bio and Tiziana; has received paid consulting advisor fees from Albireo, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Conatus, Covance, Eli Lilly, Genentech, Genfit, Gilead, Hemoshear, HistoIndex, Inventiva, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Madrigal, Merck, NGM Bio, NorthSea, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Path AI, Pfizer, Poxel, Prosciento, Regeneron, Roche, Salix, Sanofi, Siemens, Takeda, Terns and 89Bio; is a nonpaid consultant for Amra, Biocellvia, Galectin, Fractyl, Immunron, Intercept and Perspectum; provided consultant advice for AstraZeneca, for which renumeration was paid to Virginia Commonwealth University; was a member of a Data and Safety Monitoring Board for a study funded by Sequana; has received research grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Conatus, Covance, Eli Lilly, Fractyl, Gilead, Inventiva, Madrigal, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novartis and Novo Nordisk; has an ongoing research collaboration without direct funding with Echosense-Sandhill, Owl, Second Genome and Siemens; received study drug for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) trial of Imm124 for patients with alcoholic hepatitis from Immuron, without funding; and has received royalties from Elsevier and UpToDate. P.L., J.L., F.S., M.M. and C.A.B. are employees and shareholders of Novartis. E.J.L. received grant/research support from Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, CytoDyn, Durect Corporation, Eli Lilly and Company, Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Galectin Therapeutics, Galmed Pharmaceuticals, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, Hanmi Pharmaceuticals, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, the Laboratory for Advanced Medicine, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Merck & Co., Metacrine, NGM Biopharmaceuticals Inc., NorthSea Therapeutics, Novartis, Novo Nordisk Inc., Pfizer, Poxel Co., Roche, Sagimet Biosciences, Terns Pharmaceuticals, Valeant Pharmaceuticals, Viking Therapeutics and Zydus Pharmaceuticals. K.J.L., C.S., Y.-C.C., D.A., H.T. and H.H. have nothing to disclose. W.K. served as a speaker and consultant of Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, HK Inoen, Standigm, PharmaKing, KOBIOLABS and Eisai; received grants from Gilead, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Springbank, Altimmune, Ildong, GreenCross, Galmed, PharmaEssentia, Dicerna, Celgene and Enyo; and owns stocks in KOBIOLABS and Lepidyne. G.B.B.G. consulted for Gilead, Boehringer Ingelheim and Ionis Pharmaceuticals; and is a speaker for Novo Nordisk and Echosens. J.-F.H. is a consultant for Roche, BMS, Gilead, Merck, Sysmex, PharmaEssentia Pharmaceuticals and Polaris Pharmaceuticals; and is a speaker for AbbVie, BMS, Gilead, Merck, Sysmex, AbbVie and Roche. P.A. is a consultant for Intercept, Gilead, Janssen, Genfit, Boehringer Ingelheim, Falk, Glaxo Smith Kline, Novartis, Genfit, CymaBay and Eiger. S.H.H. received indirect research support from Novartis. V.R. is a consultant for Intercept, Bristol Myers Squibb, Theratechnologie, Poxel, Galmed, ENYO, Novo Nordisk, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Sagimet and NGM Biopharmaceuticals; and received grant/research support from Gilead and Intercept. A.M.S. received grant/research support from Akero, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelgeim, Celgene, Gilead, Roche-Genetech, Galectin, Ionis, Intercept, Madrigal, NGM, NorthSea, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Viking. J. M.V. is a consultant for Arena, Blade, CymaBay, Enanta, Gilead, Intercept, Merck, Novartis and Sundise; received grant/research support from Allergan, Alnyam, 89Bio, Blade, BMS, Celgene, Conatus, CymaBay, Exalenz, Galectin, Galmed, Genfit, Gilead, Hanmi, Icon, Intercept, Merck, Mochida, Molecular Stethoscope, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Tobira; and is on Data Safety Management Boards for the NIH NIDDK Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) and Fractyl. Y.J.K. received research grant support from BTG, Boston Scientific, AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, Samjin and Bayer. D.T. is employed by HistoIndex. Z.G. has no personal conflicts of interest; his institution currently receives funding for research from Novartis, Inventiva, Gilead Sciences, NGM, Bristol Myers Squibb, CymaBay, Eiger, Merck and Intercept. I.R.I.C. and S.L. are former employees and shareholders of Novartis. N.V.N. is a former employee of Novartis.