Witkowski, Marco http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6952-5038
Nemet, Ina http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0657-7121
Alamri, Hassan http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4313-0940
Wilcox, Jennifer http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6277-1079
Gupta, Nilaksh
Nimer, Nisreen
Haghikia, Arash http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5646-3237
Li, Xinmin S.
Wu, Yuping
Saha, Prasenjit Prasad
Demuth, Ilja http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4340-2523
König, Maximilian
Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth
Cajka, Tomas http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9728-3355
Fiehn, Oliver http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6261-8928
Landmesser, Ulf http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0214-3203
Tang, W. H. Wilson http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8335-735X
Hazen, Stanley L. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7124-6639
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (P01 HL147823, R01 HL103866)
Fondation Leducq (17CVD01)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (WI 5229/1-1)
American Heart Association (20POST35210937)
Article History
Received: 14 July 2022
Accepted: 19 January 2023
First Online: 27 February 2023
Competing interests
: Hazen reports being named as co-inventor on pending and issued patents held by the Cleveland Clinic relating to cardiovascular diagnostics and therapeutics, being a paid consultant formerly for Procter and Gamble and currently with Zehna Therapeutics. He also reports having received research funds from Procter and Gamble, Zehna Therapeutics and Roche Diagnostics, and being eligible to receive royalty payments for inventions or discoveries related to cardiovascular diagnostics or therapeutics from Cleveland HeartLab, a wholly owned subsidiary of Quest Diagnostics, Procter and Gamble and Zehna therapeutics. Tang reports being a consultant for Sequana Medical A.G., Owkin Inc., Relypsa Inc. and PreCardiac Inc., having received an honorarium from Springer Nature for authorship/editorship and American Board of Internal Medicine for exam writing committee participation—all unrelated to the subject and contents of this paper. The other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.