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Article History

Received: 13 December 2022

Accepted: 27 March 2023

First Online: 14 April 2023

Competing interests

: V.S. reports research funding from Novartis to conduct clinical trials; other grant support for clinical trials from AbbVie, Agensys, Alfasigma, Altum, Amgen, Bayer, BERG Health, Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Boston Biomedical, Boston Pharmaceuticals, Celgene Corporation, D3 Bio, Dragonfly Therapeutics, Exelixis, Fujifilm, GlaxoSmithKline, Idera Pharmaceuticals, Incyte Corporation, Inhibrx, Loxo Oncology/Eli Lilly, MedImmune, MultiVir, NanoCarrier, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCI-CTEP, Novartis, PharmaMar, Pfizer, Relay Therapeutics, Roche/Genentech, Takeda, Turning Point Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and Vegenics Pty. Ltd.; travel support from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), Helsinn Healthcare, Incyte Corporation, Novartis and PharmaMar; consultancy or advisory board participation for Helsinn Healthcare, Incyte Corporation, Loxo Oncology/Eli Lilly, MedImmune, Novartis, QED Therapeutics, Relay Therapeutics, Daiichi-Sankyo and R-Pharm US; and other relationship with Medscape. Y.J.B. is on an advisory board or has a consulting relationship with Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merck Serono, Daiichi-Sankyo, Astellas, Alexo Oncology, Samyang Biopharm, Hanmi, Daewoong and Amgen and has received institutional grants for clinical trials from Genentech/Roche, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merck Serono, Daiichi-Sankyo, Astellas and Amgen. A.I. has received research grant from Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche, Novartis, Chugai, Merck, AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme and IPSEN and is an advisory board member for Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche, Novartis, Chugai, Merck, AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, IPSEN and Parthenon. F.Y.F.L.V. is part of ongoing clinical research with the Foundation STOPbraintumors.org and clinical research with sponsors including Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; and is a faculty member of the European Society of Medical Oncology for CNS tumors, President Quality of Care Commission with the Dutch Society of Medical Oncology, Member Quality Assurance Commission of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, and Member Educational Commission of the European Association of Neuro-Oncology. J.Y.B. has received research support and honoraria from Novartis, Roche and GlaxoSmithKline. R.J.K. has received research funds and/or drug from Novartis, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Genentech and Teva and is a co-inventor on the National Institutes of Health patent for Moxetumomab pasudotox. D.C.C. is a consultant with Pfizer, Nektar, Merck, Exelis and Pliant. P.Y.W. has received research support from Astra Zeneca/MedImmune, Beigene, Celgene, Chimerix, Eli Lilly, Genentech/Roche, Kazia, MediciNova, Merck, Novartis, Nuvation Bio, Puma, Servier, Vascular Biogenics and VBI Vaccines; is on the advisory board of AstraZeneca, Bayer, Black Diamond, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Pharmaceuticals, Celularity, Chimerix, Day One Bio, Genenta, GlaxoSmithKline, Karyopharm, Merck, Mundipharma, Novartis, Novocure, Nuvation Bio, Prelude Therapeutics, Sapience, Servier, Sagimet, Vascular Biogenics and VBI Vaccines; and is an editor with UpToDate (Elsevier). S.R., A.B., P.I. and V.Q.P. are employees with Novartis and hold stock of Novartis. Z.A.W. is a consultant with Novartis, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Daiichi, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Ipsen, Gilead, Incyte, Arcus, Astellas and Molecular Templates; has received grants from Bristol Myers Squibb, Arcus and Plexxikon; and is a Data Safety and Monitoring Board member with Pfizer and Daiichi. M.J.A.J. has received financial compensation for the institute for participating in the study. J.H.M.S. is an employee with Byondis BV and a share and patent holder (oral taxanes) and employee with Modra Pharmaceuticals. E.E.F. has received honoraria for advisory role, travel grants and research grants from Amgen, Bayer, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Merck Serono, Sanofi, Pierre Fabre, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Organon, Novartis and Servier; institutional honoraria (investigator contribution in clinical trials) from Amgen, Array Biopharma, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Debiopharm International F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Genentech, HalioDX SAS, Hutchison MediPharma International, Janssen-Cilag, MedImmune, Menarini, Merck Health KGAA, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merus NV, Mirati, Novartis Farmacéutica, Pfizer, Pharma Mar, Sanofi Aventis Recherche & Développement, Servier, Taiho Pharma USA; is a volunteer member of the ASCO Annual Meeting Scientific Program Committee: Developmental Therapeutics – Immunotherapy; is a speaker of the ESMO Academy; and is a coordinator of the Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica (SEOM) and MIR Section of Residents and Young Assistants. K.Y. received fees for advisory boards with Novartis, Eisai, AstraZeneca, Chugai, Takeda, Genmab and OncXerna; research support to institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Daiichi-Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Taiho, Pfizer, Novartis, Takeda, Chugai, Ono, Sanofi, Seattle Genetics, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Genmab, Boeringer Ingelheim, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Nihon Kayaku and Haihe; and honoraria for lectures from Pfizer, Eisai, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Takeda, Chugai, Fuji Film Pharma, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Boeringer Ingelheim, Ono and Daiichi-Sankyo. C.C.Z. has received institutional honoraria from Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Roche, Merck KGA, Amgen, Servier, Eli Lilly, Takeda, Daichii-Sankyo, Celgene, Halozyme and Boehringer Ingelheim and holds a patent for IMUGENE (C.F.). P.M. has received honoraria and is on advisory boards with Janssen, Celgene, Takeda, Amgen, Sanofi, Abbvie and GlaxoSmithKline. U.L. is an advisory board member and has received honoraria from Bayer, Pfizer and Novartis and has received institutional research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche, Pfizer, Incyte, Eli Lilly and GlaxoSmithKline. All remaining authors declare no competing interests.