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Article History

Received: 13 November 2023

Accepted: 21 March 2024

First Online: 6 May 2024

Competing interests

: T.K. has received speaker fees from Abbott, Ono Pharma, Otsuka Pharma, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim and Abiomed. P.S.J. reports speakers’ fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Alkem Metabolics, ProAdWise Communications, Sun Pharmaceuticals and Intas Pharmaceuticals; advisory board fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Novartis; and research funding from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Analog Devices Inc; P.S.J.’s employer, the University of Glasgow, has been remunerated for clinical trial work by AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novartis and Novo Nordisk. He is a director of Global Clinical Trial Partners. M.Y. reports travel grants from AstraZeneca. S.B.G. is an employee and shareholder of AstraZeneca. B.L.C. has received consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim. F.R.M. reports research funding from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Satellite Healthcare, Fifth Eye, Novartis and Lexicon, which is paid directly to his institution; he reports consulting fees from GSK and Zydus Therapeutics. M.V. has received research grant support, served on advisory boards or had speaker engagements with American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Baxter Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cytokinetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Relypsa, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi and Tricog Health; he sits on clinical trial committees for studies sponsored by AstraZeneca, Galmed, Novartis, Bayer, Occlutech and Impulse Dynamics. H.J.L.H. has served as a consultant for AbbVie, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fresenius, Gilead, Janssen, Merck and Mitsubishi Tanabe; he has received grant support from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Janssen. S.D.S. has received research grants from Actelion, Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GSK, Ionis, Lilly, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Neurotronik, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Respicardia, Sanofi Pasteur, Theracos and Us2.ai; he has consulted for Abbott, Action, Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, GSK, Lilly, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Theracos, Quantum Genomics, Cardurion, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Sanofi Pasteur, Dinaqor, Tremeau, CellProthera, Moderna, American Regent and Sarepta. J.J.V.M. reports payments through Glasgow University from work on clinical trials, consulting and other activities from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Cardurion, Cytokinetics, GSK, KBP Biosciences and Novartis. He reports personal consultancy fees from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, George Clinical PTY Ltd, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and the River 2 Renal Corporation. He receives personal lecture fees from Abbott, Alkem Metabolics, AstraZeneca, Blue Ocean Scientific Solutions Ltd, Boehringer Ingelheim, Canadian Medical and Surgical Knowledge, Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Eris Lifesciences, European Academy of CME, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Imagica Health, Intas Pharma, J.B. Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Lupin Pharma, Medscape/TheHeart.Org, ProAdWise Communications, Radcliffe Cardiology, Sun Pharmaceuticals, The Corpus, the Translation Research Group and the Translational Medicine Academy. He is a director of Global Clinical Trial Partners.