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Article History

Received: 14 September 2023

Accepted: 24 April 2024

First Online: 10 June 2024

Competing interests

: A.J.S. has stock options in Genfit, Tiziana, Indalo, Durect, Inversago and Galmed. He has served as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Salix, Tobira, Takeda, Janssen, Gilead, Terns, Merck, Madrigal, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Sagimet, Valeant, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly and Company, Hemoshear, Novartis, Inventiva, Enyo, Akero, 89Bio, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Amgen, Genentech, Regeneron, Alnylam, Hanmi, LG Chem, Histoindex, Thera Technologies, Intercept, Target-RWE, Surrozen, Zydus, Path AI, Exhalenz and Genfit. His institution has received grant support from Gilead, Salix, Tobira, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Intercept, Merck, AstraZeneca, Malinckrodt and Novartis. He receives royalties from Elsevier and UptoDate. L.M.K. serves as a scientific and medical consultant to Altimmune, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cytoki, Flagship Pioneering, Gilead, Glyscend, Intellihealth, Johnson & Johnson, Kallyope, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sidekick Health and twenty30.health. J.P.F. reports research funding from Akero, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, 89bio, Eli Lilly and Company, Intercept, Ionis, Janssen, Madrigal, Metacrine, Merck, NorthSea Therapeutics, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Oramed, Pfizer, Poxel and Sanofi; consulting fees from Akero, Altimmune, Boehringer Ingelheim, Carmot Therapeutics, Echosens, 89bio, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Sanofi; speaker bureau from Eli Lilly and Company; support for attending meetings or travel from Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Sanofi; participant advisory boards and consulting for Altimmune, Becton Dickinson, Boehringer Ingelheim, Carmot Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Gilead, Intercept, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Sanofi; and is on the board of directors for T1D Exchange. M.L.H., B.B., C.H., K.J.M., A.H., Q.W., Y.D. and N.C.S. are employees and shareholders of Eli Lilly and Company. M.K.T. is an employee and shareholder of Eli Lilly and Company and a steering committee member for Accelerating Medicines Partnership—Common Metabolic Diseases.