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First Online: 11 July 2024

Competing interests

: P.W.F. was an employee of the Novo Nordisk Foundation at the time this Comment was written; the views expressed in this paper do not necessarily represent those of the Novo Nordisk Foundation, and the work performed was done in P.W.F.’s academic capacity. Over the past 5 years, P.W.F. has received consulting fees from Zoe, Lilly, Novo Nordisk; speaker fees from UBS; and investigator-initiated research grants from Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Boehringer Ingelheim and Servier. R.I.G.H. has received fees for lecturing from the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Eli Lilly, Encore, Liberum, Novo Nordisk and ROVI and has received funding for conference attendance from Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly. R.I.G.H. is chair of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes Committee for Clinical Affairs. A.L.G.’s spouse is an employee of Genentech and holds stock options in Roche. M.R. reports fees for lecturing and/or advisory board activities from Astra-Zeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma, Echosens, Eli Lilly, Madrigal, MSD and Novo Nordisk, as well as fees for investigator-initiated studies from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk and Nutricia/Danone. C.M. serves or has served on the advisory panel for Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Roche, Medtronic, Imcyse, Insulet and Vertex; financial compensation for these activities has been received by KU Leuven; KU Leuven has received research support for C.M. from Medtronic, Imcyse, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi and ActoBio Therapeutics; and C.M. president of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (all external support available at ). F.G. has served as a research investigator for Eli Lilly and Roche Diabetes Care; has served as a speaker for AstraZeneca and Eli Lilly; has served as consultant for Abbott, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Medtronic, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diabetes Care and Sanofi; and has received grants from Eli Lilly and Roche Diabetes Care. J.C.F. receives research support from Novo Nordisk for an investigator-initiated grant. J.S.T. serves on the scientific advisory boards of CytoReason, ImmunoScape and the Human Immunome Project. S.M. has received an investigator-initiated grant from Dexcom and has received speaker honoraria (for presentations over which she had complete control) from Eli Lilly and Sanofi, UK. S.S.A. has received speaking fees and consultancy work over the past 5 years from Bayer AG, Servier, Novartis and Novo Nordisk. W.T.C., N.A.Z., S.S.R., M.W., C.H., J.M.D. and D.G.M. declare no competing interests.