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Article History

Received: 28 October 2023

Accepted: 8 May 2024

First Online: 24 June 2024

Competing interests

: P.G. is named on a patent for the extended-release ketamine formulation. C.L. is on the Clinical Advisory Board for Douglas Pharmaceuticals and has received fees for attending Janssen Cilag advisory board meetings. J.F. and H.-Y.L. have no disclosures. A.H.Y. receives payment for lectures from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Sunovion, Servier, Janssen, Allegan, Bionomics, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, COMPASS, Sage and Novartis. He receives payment for being on advisory boards from Livanova, Janssen, COMPASS, Novartis and Neurocentrx. He is a consultant for Johnson & Johnson. He is a consultant to Livanova. He has received honoraria for attending advisory boards and presenting talks at meetings organized by LivaNova. He is the principal investigator in the Restore-Life VNS Global Prospective, Multi-center, Observational Post-market Study to Assess Short-, Mid- and Long-term Effectiveness and Efficiency of Vagus Nerve Stimulation Therapy (VNS Therapy) as Adjunctive Therapy in Real-world Patients with Difficult to Treat Depression (RESTORE-LIFE) registry study funded by Livanova, ESKETINTRD3004, and several psilocybin studies in participants with TRD. He is the UK Chief Investigator for Novartis Major Depressive Disorder MIJ821A12201. He receives grant funding from the National Institute of Mental Health (United States), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the National Association for Research on Schizophrenia And Depression (United States), the Stanley Medical Research Institute (United States), the Medical Research Council (United Kingdom), the Wellcome Trust (United Kingdom), the Royal College of Physicians, the British Medical Association (United Kingdom), the UBC-VGH Foundation (Canada), the WEDC (Canada), the CCS Depression Research Fund (Canada), Michael Smith Health Research BC (Canada), the National Institute for Health and Care Research (United Kingdom) and Janssen (United Kingdom). P.S. is an employee of Douglas Pharmaceuticals.