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Article History

Received: 25 October 2023

Accepted: 24 May 2024

First Online: 15 July 2024

Competing interests

: All authors have completed the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors uniform disclosure form and declare: S.K.G. reports funding through the BigData@Heart Innovative Medicines Initiative (grant no.116074). K.V.B. reports grants from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (grant no. CDF-2015-08-074 RATE-AF) during conduct of the study; and has been awarded a British Heart Foundation (BHF) Career Development Research Fellowship (FS/CDRF/21/21032). A.J.C. reports personal fees from Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Abbott, Bayer, Daiichi-Sankyo, Pfizer/BMS, Sanofi and Menarini; all outside the submitted work. D.K. reports grants from the NIHR (grant nos. CDF-2015-08-074 RATE-AF; NIHR130280 DaRe2THINK; NIHR132974 D2T-NeuroVascular; NIHR203326 Biomedical Research Centre), the BHF (grant nos. PG/17/55/33087, AA/18/2/34218 and FS/CDRF/21/21032), the European Union/European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations Innovative Medicines Initiative (BigData@Heart, grant no. 116074), European Union Horizon and UK Research and Innovation (HYPERMARKER, grant no. 101095480), UK National Health Service—Data for R&D—Subnational Secure Data Environment programme, UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy Regulators Pioneer Fund, the Cook & Wolstenholme Charitable Trust, and the European Society of Cardiology supported by educational grants from Boehringer Ingelheim/BMS-Pfizer Alliance/Bayer/Daiichi-Sankyo/Boston Scientific, the NIHR/University of Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and BHF/University of Birmingham Accelerator Award (STEEER-AF). In addition, D.K. has received research grants and advisory board fees from Bayer, Amomed and Protherics Medicines Development; all outside the submitted work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.