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Article History

Received: 17 May 2024

Accepted: 13 June 2024

First Online: 24 June 2024

Competing interests

: J.F.E.M. reports grants from Novo Nordisk, the European Union and McMaster University Hamilton, Canada; consulting fees from Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, Bayer and Boehringer Ingelheim; honoraria from Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, Bayer and Novartis; and has participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for AstraZeneca, Bayer, Sanofi and Boehringer Ingelheim, as well as a leadership role in the KDIGO group. P.R. has received consultancy and/or speaking fees (institutional) from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi; and research grants from AstraZeneca, Bayer and Novo Nordisk. G.B. has been a consultant to or an executive committee member for a clinical trial: Bayer, KBP Biosciences, Ionis, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk and InREGEN; and is editor for the American Journal of Nephrology. N.B., H.B.-T., T.I. and S.R. are employees and shareholders of Novo Nordisk. R.B. has served on the speaker bureau for Novo Nordisk; and is a clinical investigator in several Novo Nordisk trials (for example, SUSTAIN6, SUSTAIN9, FLOW, SOUL and CagriSema). D.M.C. declares being a consultant for Allena Pharmaceuticals (DSMB), AstraZeneca, CSL Behring, Eli Lilly/Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, GSK, LG Chemical, Medtronic, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Renalytix and Zogenix; has received research funding from Amgen and Medtronic, and clinical trial support from Eli Lilly/Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead and Novo Nordisk; has patents or royalties from UpToDate.com for authorship/editorials on reviews; has provided advisory or leadership roles for CJASN; and has received expert witness fees related to proton pump inhibitors. S.H. has received grants from Asdia, AstraZeneca, LVL, Nestle Homeperf, ISIS Diabète, Pierre Fabre and VitalAire; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Servier and Valbiotis; payment or honoraria from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Dino Santé, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi, Servier and Valbiotis; and support to attend meetings from AstraZeneca, Abbott, Dino Santé, Eli Lilly and Novo Nordisk. P.G. serves or has served on advisory panels for Abbott, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Roche and Sanofi, with financial compensation for these activities received by KU Leuven; serves or has served on the speakers bureau for Abbott, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dexcom, Insulet, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Roche and VitalAire, with financial compensation for these activities received by KU Leuven; and KU Leuven has received nonfinancial support for P.G. for travel from A. Menarini Diagnostics, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi and Roche. J.L.G. declares funding to conduct clinical trials from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim and Novo Nordisk (all to the INCLIVA Research Institute); consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim and Novo Nordisk; and payment of honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Menarini and Novo Nordisk. L.J. has received consulting/lecture fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Merck, MSD, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi; and payment of honoraria for lectures from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Merck, MSD, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi; and support to attend meetings from Bayer, Eli Lilly, Merck, MSD and Novo Nordisk. K.W.M. has received grants from AHA, Apple, Bayer, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, CSL Behring, Eidos, Ferring, Gilead, Google (Verify), Idorsia, Johnson & Johnson, Luitpold, Novartis, PAC-12, Precordior and Sanifit; and consulting fees from Applied Therapeutics, Bayer, BMS, BridgeBio, CSL Behring, Elsevier, Fosun Pharma, Human, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, Myokardia, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, Phasebio, Portola, Quidel, and Theravance; and has equity in Human, Medeloop, Precordior, and Regencor. V.P. has received honoraria for steering committee, data monitoring committee or advisory board roles or for scientific presentations from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chinook, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Otsuka, Travere, Tricida and UptoDate; and is a Board Director for George Clinical, St. Vincents Health Australia, and several independent medical research institutes. R.E.S. has received grants to the Institution from Amgen, Ablative Solution, Bayer, IPPmed, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk and Recor; and honoraria as a speaker and advisor from Ablative Solutions, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Medtronic, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Recor, Servier and TAD. R.E.P. declares speaker fees from Lilly and Novo Nordisk; consulting fees from Bayer AG, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Endogenex, Gasherbrum Bio, Genprex, Getz Pharma, Intas Pharmaceuticals, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Sun Pharmaceutical Industries; and research grants from Biomea Fusion, Carmot Therapeutics, Dompe, Endogenex, Fractyl, Lilly, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. K.R.T. has received grants from Bayer and Travere Therapeutics (institutional); consulting fees and honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus and educational events from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly and Company and Novo Nordisk; provides unpaid participation as the Data Safety Monitoring Board Chair for the George Clinical Institute, and NIDDK/NIH; and is also the Diabetic Kidney Disease Collaborative Chair for the American Society of Nephrology.