Document is current

Article History

Received: 2 May 2023

Accepted: 3 July 2024

First Online: 7 August 2024

Competing interests

: A.N.B. is an employee of and holds stock in Gilead Sciences, Inc., and received study materials from PathAI, Inc. in support of this manuscript. A.D.B. serves as a consultant to 23andMe, Alimentiv, Allergan, Dialectica, PathAI, Inc., Source Bioscience and Verily, and is on Scientific Advisory Boards with 3Helix, Avacta and GSK. His institution has received funding for educational programs from Eli Lilly. A.H.B. is an employee of and holds stock in PathAI, Inc. A.P. is a former employee of, holds stock in and owns patents with PathAI, Inc. A.T.-W. is a former employee of and owns stock in PathAI, Inc. C.B.-S. is a former employee of and holds stock in PathAI, Inc. C.C. is an employee of Inipharm, a former employee of Gilead Sciences, Inc., and owns stock in Gilead Sciences, Inc. and Inipharm. D.J. is an employee of, holds stock in and owns patents with PathAI, Inc. H.E. is a former employee of and holds stock in PathAI, Inc., and is named on a patent (US 11527319) held by PathAI, Inc. H.P. is an employee of, owns stock in and owns patents with PathAI, Inc. I.W. is a former employee of and owns stock in PathAI, Inc., and owns a patent (US 10650520). J.G. is a former employee of and owns stock in PathAI, Inc., J.S.I. is a former employee of and owns stock in PathAI, Inc., and owns a patent. K.L. is a former employee of and owns stock in PathAI, Inc. and received an ISO grant while employed at PathAI, Inc. K.W. is a former employee of, owns stock in, received support for meeting attendance from and receives consulting fees from PathAI, Inc. M.L. is a former employee of and owns stock in PathAI, Inc. M.C.M. is a former employee of, holds stock in and receives financial support to attend meetings from PathAI, Inc.; holds stock in Bristol Myers Squibb; and holds a leadership position with the Digital Pathology Association. M.R. is a former employee of, owns stock in and receives consulting fees from PathAI, Inc. M.P. is a former employee of and holds stock in PathAI, Inc. O.C.-Z. is a former employee of and holds stock options in PathAI, Inc., and has a patent pending (US 20220245802A1). Q.L. is an employee of and owns stock in PathAI, Inc., and owns a patent. R.L. serves as a consultant to Aardvark Therapeutics, Altimmune, Anylam/Regeneron, Amgen, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Astra Zeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, CohBar, Eli Lilly, Galmed, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Glympse bio, Hightide, Inipharma, Intercept, Inventiva, Ionis, Janssen, Inc., Madrigal, Metacrine, Inc., NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer, Sagimet, Theratechnologies, 89bio, Terns Pharmaceuticals and Viking Therapeutics. In addition, his institutions received research grants from Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galectin Therapeutics, Galmed Pharmaceuticals, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Intercept, Hanmi, Inventiva, Ionis, Janssen, Inc., Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Merck, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sonic Incytes and Terns Pharmaceuticals. He is a co-founder of LipoNexus, Inc. R.P.M. is an employee of OrsoBio, Inc., and owns stock in OrsoBio, Inc. and Gilead Sciences, Inc. S.A.S.-M. is an employee of and owns stock in PathAI, Inc. R.E. is an employee of and owns stock in PathAI, Inc. S.H. is a former employee of, owns stock in and received support for meeting attendance from PathAI, Inc. S.D.P. is an employee of and holds stock in Gilead Sciences. T.R.W. is an employee of and holds stock in Gilead Sciences, Inc. Z.S. is an employee of and holds stock in PathAI, Inc., and owns a patent with PathAI, Inc. B.G. is an employee of, holds stock in and receives support for meeting attendance from PathAI, Inc. A.J.S. holds stock options in Genfit, Akarna, Tiziana, Durect, Inversago, Hemoshear, Northsea, Diapin, Liponexus and Galmed. In addition, he serves as a consultant to Astra Zeneca (<5 K), Terns (<5 K), Merck (<5 K), Boehringer Ingelheim (5–10 K), Lilly (5–10 K), Novartis (<5 K), Novo Nordisk (<5 K), Pfizer (<5 K), 89 Bio (<5 K), Regeneron (<5 K), Alnylam (<5 K), Akero (<5 K), Tern (<5 K), Histoindex (<5 K), Corcept (<5 K), PathAI (<5 K), Genfit (<5 K), Mediar (<5 K), Satellite Bio (<5 K), Echosens (<5 K), Abbott (<5 K), Promed (<5 K), Glaxo Smith Kline (∼11 K), Arrowhead (<5 K), Zydus (>60 K), Boston Pharmaceutical (<5 K), Myovent (<5 K), Variant (<5 K), Cascade (<5 K) and Northsea (<5 K), and his institution has received grant support from Gilead, Salix, Tobira, Bristol Myers, Shire, Intercept, Merck, Astra Zeneca, Mallinckrodt and Novartis. Lastly, he receives royalties from Elsevier and UpToDate.