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First Online: 5 September 2024

Competing interests

: S.E.H. receives funding from the National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR), NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit (BTRU) in Precision Transplant and Cellular Therapeutics, NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), NIHR Applied Research Centre (ARC) West Midlands, UKRI and UK SPINE. She declares personal fees from Cochlear, Pfizer, Rinri Therapeutics, Astra Zeneca, Aparito and CIS Oncology outside of the submitted work. M.J.C. is director of the Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, director of the Centre for the Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research and is an NIHR senior investigator. M.J.C. receives funding from the NIHR, UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), NIHR BRC, the NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, NIHR ARC West Midlands, UK SPINE, European Regional Development Fund – Demand Hub and Health Data Research UK at the University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Innovate UK (part of UKRI), Macmillan Cancer Support, UCB Pharma, Janssen, GSK and Gilead. M.C. has received personal fees from Astellas, Aparito, CIS Oncology, Takeda, Merck, Daiichi Sankyo, Glaukos, GSK and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) outside of the submitted work. In addition, a family member owns shares in GSK. N.A. receives funding from NIHR ARC West Midlands. C.M. receives funding from NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), UKRI, NIHR, NIHR BTRU in Precision Transplant and Cellular Therapeutics, and declares personal fees from Aparito outside of the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.