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Article History

Received: 17 March 2024

Accepted: 29 August 2024

First Online: 4 October 2024

Competing interests

: S.C.N. has served as an advisory board member for Pfizer, Ferring, Janssen and Abbvie and received honoraria as a speaker for Ferring, Tillotts, Menarini, Janssen, Abbvie and Takeda; has received research grants through her affiliated institutions from Olympus, Ferring and Abbvie; is a founder member, nonexecutive director, nonexecutive scientific advisor and shareholder of GenieBiome Ltd; and receives patent royalties through her affiliated institutions. F.K.L.C. is a Board Member of CUHK Medical Centre; is a cofounder, nonexecutive Board Chairman, nonexecutive scientific advisor, Honorary Chief Medical Officer and shareholder of GenieBiome Ltd; receives patent royalties through his affiliated institutions; and has received fees as an advisor and honoraria as a speaker for Eisai Co. Ltd, AstraZeneca, Pfizer Inc., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. and Takeda (China) Holdings Co. Ltd. Q. Su and Z.X. are Scientists (Diagnostics) of GenieBiome Ltd. W.T. is Consultant (Regulatory Affairs) of GenieBiome Ltd. J. Zhang is Chief Scientist (Diagnostics) of GenieBiome Ltd. J. Zheng, W.T., J. Zhang, F.K.L.C. and S.C.N. are named inventors of patent applications held by MagIC that cover the therapeutic and diagnostic use of microbiome related to IBD (nos. 63/562,232; 63/675,266; 63/689,864 USA, 2024). C.N.B. is supported by the Bingham Chair in Gastroenterology; has served on advisory Boards for AbbVie Canada, Amgen Canada, Bristol Myers Squibb Canada, Ferring Canada, JAMP Pharmaceuticals, Lilly Canada, Janssen Canada, Pendopharm Canada, Sandoz Canada, Takeda Canada and Pfizer Canada; has received educational grants from Abbvie Canada, Bristol Myers Squibb Canada, Ferring Canada, organon Canada, Pfizer Canada, Takeda Canada, Boston Scientific and Janssen Canada; has served on a Speaker’s panel for Abbvie Canada, Janssen Canada, Pfizer Canada and Takeda Canada; and has received research funding from Abbvie Canada, Amgen Canada, Sandoz Canada, Takeda Canada and Pfizer Canada. D.T.R. has received grant support from Takeda and has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Altrubio, Amgen, Bausch Health, Bristol Myers Squibb, Connect BioPharma, Ferring Pharma, Image Analysis Group, Iterative Health, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Lilly, Merck, Pfizer, Prometheus Biosciences (now Merck), Reistone Biopharma, USA, Takeda and Trellus Health. E.B.C. is Founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Gateway Biome, Inc. M.M. has received research grants from Soho Flordis International Australia Research, Bayer Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk (Bayer Consumer Health) and Yakult-Nature Global Grant for Gut Health; Speaker’s honoraria and travel sponsorship from Janssen Australia; consultancy fees from Bayer Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk (Bayer Consumer Health), Sanofi Australia and Danone-Nutricia Australia; Speaker honoraria and travel sponsorship from Perfect Company (China); and travel sponsorship from Yakult Inc. (Japan); is coinventor of PCT/AU2022/050556 ‘Diagnostic marker for functional gastrointestinal disorders’ from the University of Newcastle and UniQuest (University of Queensland), and US20110076356 A1 ‘Novel Fibro-biotic bacterium isolate’ via the US Department of Agriculture; acknowledges funding from NHMRC Australia, Australian Research Council, Princess Alexandra Hospital Research Foundation, Medical Research Futures Fund of Australia, Helmsley Charitable Trust via the Australasian Gastrointestinal Research Foundation and the United States Department of Defense; and serves on the science advisory board (nonremunerated) for GenieBiome, Hong Kong. The other authors declare no competing interests.