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Article History

Received: 6 May 2024

Accepted: 16 September 2024

First Online: 4 November 2024

Competing interests

: H.P., H.H., A.S.-M., R.E., N.P., A.H.B. and N.P.A. are full-time, salaried employees of PathAI. K.E.W. was a full-time employee of PathAI during all phases of the study and is now a paid consultant of PathAI. S.A.H. is a paid consultant for Akero Therapeutics, Aligos Therapeutics, Altimmune, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bluejay Therapeutics, Echosens North America, Galecto, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Hepion Pharmaceuticals, Hepta Bio, HistoIndex, Kriya Therapeutics, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Medpace, MGGM Therapeutics, NeuroBo Pharmaceuticals, Northsea Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sagimet Biosciences, Terns and Viking Therapeutics and a shareholder of Akero, Cirius Therapeutics, Galectin Therapeutics, HistoIndex and Northsea Therapeutics. S.S.M., M.C.V., L.C.M., S.P.M.C., S.H.M., C.E.T. and M.C.M. were PathAI employees at the time of study conduct. J.G. and M.R. are paid contractors of PathAI. R.P.M. and G.M.S. are full-time, salaried employees of OrsoBio. C.C. is a full-time, salaried employee of Inipharm. S.D.P. is a full-time salaried employee of Gilead Sciences. A.-S.S. is a full-time, salaried employee of Novo Nordisk. A.M. was a paid consultant for Bristol Myers Squibb. V.B. is a full-time, salaried employee of Bristol Myers Squibb. A.J.S. has stock options in Genfit, Akarna, Tiziana, Indalo, Durect Inversago and Galmed; is a consultant to AstraZeneca, Nimbus, Takeda, Janssen, Gilead, Terns, Merck, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Genfit; and has been an unpaid consultant to Intercept, Echosens, Immuron, Galectin and Affimune Prosciento. His institution has received grant support from Gilead, Bristol Myers Squibb, Intercept, Merck, AstraZeneca and Novartis. He receives royalties from Elsevier and UptoDate. Q.M.A. is a coordinator of the EU IMI-2 LITMUS consortium, which is funded by the EU Horizon 2020 program and the EFPIA. This multistakeholder consortium includes industry partners. He has research grant funding from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Intercept. He is a consultant on behalf of Newcastle University to Alimentiv, Akero, AstraZeneca, 89bio, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Galmed, Genfit, Genentech, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, HistoIndex, Intercept, Inventiva, QVIA, Janssen, Madrigal, Merck, NGM Bio, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, PathAI, Pfizer, PharmaNest, Prosciento, Roche and Terns. He is a speaker for Novo Nordisk, Madrigal and Springer Healthcare and receives royalties from Elsevier. R.L. is a consultant to Aardvark Therapeutics, Altimmune, Alnylam–Regeneron, Amgen, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Bluejay Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galmed, Gilead, Inipharma, Intercept, Inventiva, Ionis, Janssen, Madrigal, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer, Sagimet, Theratechnologies, 89bio, Terns Pharmaceuticals and Viking Therapeutics. He is a cofounder of LipoNexus. V.R. is a paid consultant for Novo Nordisk, Northsea Madrigal, Enyo, Poxel, Bristol Myers Squibb, Intercept, NGM Bio and Sagimet.