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Article History

Received: 2 February 2024

Accepted: 3 October 2024

First Online: 2 January 2025

Competing interests

: F.E. reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, CVRx, Medtronic, Merck, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, PharmaCosmos, Resmed, Servier and Vifor Pharma; non-financial support from Novartis; and grants from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Servier and Thermo Fisher Scientific, outside the submitted work. R.W. reports receiving personal fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, CVRx, Daiichi Sankyo, Medtronic, Novartis, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos and Servier and research support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the European Union and Medtronic, outside the submitted work. S.M. reports personal fees from Bristol Myers Squibb (consulting services), outside the submitted work. E.P.-K. holds minor shares in ICTS GmbH (Imaging in Clinical Trials Services) and is a part-time employee of this company and reports receiving minor personal fees from AstraZeneca. H.-D.D. reports receiving personal fees from Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis and Servier, outside the submitted work. H.-D.D. also holds shares in SCIRENT GmbH and d.o.o. (Clinical Trials Services). C.H.-L. reports a personal fee from Novartis; royalties from Hogrefe Publishing Group; and research grants from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the German Research Foundation and the EU Commission. K.E. reports personal fees from Bristol Myers Squibb and Boehringer Ingelheim (honoraria for lectures), outside the submitted work. A.H. reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardiac Dimensions, Daiichi Sankyo, GE Healthcare and Novartis. G.H. reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Corvia, Impulse Dynamics, Novartis, Servier and Vifor Pharma; being a co-principal investigator for Impulse Dynamics; and business ownership of Avocet Bio GmbH. B.P. reports institutional grants from AstraZeneca, Bayer Healthcare and Boston Scientific and personal fees for steering committee, consulting and speaker services from Bayer Healthcare, Merck Sharp & Dohme, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Boston Scientific and Abbott, outside the submitted work. B.P. also holds minor shares in ICTS GmbH (Imaging in Clinical Trials Services). M.H. reports receiving personal fees from Abbott, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Sanofi-Aventis, Novartis and Medical Park (consulting fees and honoraria for lectures) and being the past president of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (2020–2022), outside the submitted work. No other potential conflicts of interest were reported.

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