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Article History

Received: 17 July 2024

Accepted: 12 November 2024

First Online: 21 January 2025

Competing interests

: F.C. receives consultancy honorarium from Amgen, Astellas/Medivation, AstraZeneca, Celgene, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, GE Oncology, Genentech, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Iqvia, Macrogenics, Medscape, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merus BV, Mylan, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, prIME Oncology, Roche, Sanofi, Samsung, Bioepis, Seagen, Teva, and Touchime. J.O’.S. receives honoraria for consulting and/or advisory boards from AbbVie, Agendia, Amgen, Aptitude Health, AstraZeneca, BioNTech, Byondis, Carrick Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo Company, DAVA Oncology, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fishawack Health, G1 Therapeutics, Genzyme, GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech, Gilead, Loxo Oncology, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Ontada, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals, Puma Biotechnology, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi, Seagen, Stemline Therapeutics, Taiho Oncology and Veru. H.M. receives consultancy fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Calithera, Celgene, Crown Bioscience, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Genentech/Roche, Gilead, Immunomedics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, OBI Pharma, Peregrine, Pfizer, Puma, Seattle Genetics, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Syndax Pharmaceuticals and TapImmune and research support from Bristol Myers Squibb, BTG, MedImmune/AstraZeneca and Merck Sharp & DohmeD. P.S. receives consultant fees from or received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Puma, Roche, Eisai and Celgene; and receives grant funding (to institution) from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Genentech, Novartis, Oncogenex, Roche and Medivation. J.C. is a consultant/advisor for Roche, AstraZeneca, Seattle Genetics, Daiichi Sankyo, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Leuko, Bioasis, Clovis Oncology, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ellipses, Hibercell, BioInvent, Gemoab, Gilead, Menarini, Zymeworks, Reveal Genomics, Scorpion Therapeutics, Expres2ion Biotechnologies, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Abbvie, BridgeBio, Biontech and Biocon; receives honoraria from Roche, Novartis, Eisai, Pfizer, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Gilead and Stemline Therapeutics; receives research funding (to institution) from Roche, Ariad Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Baxalta GMBH/Servier Affaires, Bayer Healthcare, Eisai, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Guardant Health, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Piqur Therapeutics, Iqvia and Queen Mary University of London; holds stock in MAJ3 Capital, Leuko (relative); has receives travel, accommodation and expenses from Roche, Novartis, Eisai, Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Gilead, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Stemline Therapeutics; listed on patents for pharmaceutical combinations of a Pi3k inhibitor and a microtubule destabilizing agent (J.C. Castán, A.P. Giménez, V.S. Elizalde; WO 2014/199294 A; ISSUED) and for Her2 as a predictor of response to dual HER2 blockade in the absence of cytotoxic therapy (A. Prat, A. Llombart, J.C.; US 2019/0338368 A1; LICENSED). N.H. is a consultant for Gilead, Hoffmann-La Roche and Seagen; holds business ownership in the West German Study Group; and receives honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, F. Gilead, Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer Pharma GmbH, Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals, Seagen, Viatris and Zuelligpharma. M.L.T. is a consultant for AstraZeneca, Blueprint Medicines, Daiichi Sankyo, Genentech, Gilead (DSMC), GlaxoSmithKline, G1 Therapeutics (DSMC), Guardant, Menarini Stemline, Merck, Natera, Novartis, Pfizer, RefleXion, Replicate and Sanofi Aventis; receives grant/research support (institutional) from Arvinas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Genentech/Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Hummingbird Biosciences, Merck, OncoSec Medical and Pfizer. D.W.C. is a consultant/advisor for AstraZeneca, Exact Sciences, Eisai, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Inflex, Inivata/Neogenomics, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and SAGA; receives research support to institutions from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Inivata, Knight, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer and Roche; is a member of a trial steering committee for AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme and GlaxoSmithKline; holds a patent (US62/675,228) for methods of treating cancers characterized by a high expression level of spindle and kinetochore-associated complex subunit 3 (ska3) gene. P.A.F. receives consulting fees from Agendia, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Hexal, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Roche and Seagen; receives fees for non-CME services received directly from commercial interests or their agents (Daiichi Sankyo, Lilly, Novartis and Seagen); and receives research grants from Biontech and Cepheid. D.L. is a consultant/advisor for AstraZeneca and Merck Sharp & Dohme and receives honoraria from Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Lilly, Gilead, Merck Sharp & Dohme and AstraZeneca. Y.H.P. receives consultancy or advisory fees from AstraZeneca, Eisai, Eli Lilly Export S.A. Puerto Rico Branch, Novartis, Pfizer and Roche; and receives research funding from AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer and Roche. G.R. receives honoraria from AstraZeneca, Gilead, Med-Gen Sol, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Roche, Novartis, Lilly, Swixx and Pfizer. L.S. is a consultant/advisor for Novartis, Daiichi Pharma, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Precede and Seagen; and received institutional research support from Merck, Genentech, Gilead and Eli Lilly. S.-A.I. is a consultant/advisor for AstraZeneca, Novartis, Roche/Genentech, Pfizer, Amgen, Hanmi, Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Daiichi Sankyo, Idience and Bertis; receives research funding to institutions from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, Daewoong Pharmaceutical, Eisai Korea and Boryung Pharm. R.H. is a consultant/advisor for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen, Merck KGaA, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, OncoSec Medical Incorporated, Pfizer Australia, Roche Products Pty, Seagen, Takeda and Zai Lab; receives honorarium from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Novartis; and receives research funding (to institutions) from AstraZeneca, BMS, Corvus, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Oncosec, Roche and Seagen. T.T. receives honoraria from Daiichi Sankyo, Chugai and Eli Lilly. F.A. receives research grants (to institutions) from AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer and Roche. Y.D., L.J., V.K. and K.T. are employees of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and stockholders in Merck & Co., Inc. A.B. is a consultant/advisor for Pfizer, Novartis, Genentech, Merck & Co., Radius Health, Immunomedics/Gilead, Sanofi, Daiichi Pharma/AstraZeneca, Phillips, Eli Lilly and Foundation Medicine and research/grant (to institution) from Genentech, Novartis, Pfizer, Merck & Co., Sanofi, Radius Health, Immunomedics/Gilead, Daiichi Pharma/AstraZeneca and Eli Lilly.