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Article History

Received: 24 October 2024

Accepted: 3 December 2024

First Online: 25 January 2025

Competing interests

: S.K. has stock and other ownership interests in Lylon, Lutris, MolecularMatch and Navire; a consulting or advisory role at AbbVie, Amal Therapeutics, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Bayer Health, Bicara Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Biomedical, Carina Biotech, Daiichi Sankyo, EMD Serono, Endeavor BioMedicines, Flame Biosciences, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, GSK, HalioDx, Holy Stone Healthcare, Inivata, Ipsen, Iylon, Jacobio, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Lilly, Lutris, Merck, Mirati Therapeutics, Natera, Novartis, Numab, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Redx Pharma, Repare Therapeutics, Servier and Xilis and received research funding from Amgen, Array BioPharma, Biocartis, Daiichi Sankyo, EMD Serono, Genentech/Roche, Guardant Health, Lilly, MedImmune, Novartis and Sanofi. T.Y. receives honoraria from Bayer Yakuhin, Chugai Pharma, Merck KGaA, MSD, Ono Pharmaceutical, Sumitomo and Takeda and research funding from Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, FALCO Biosystems, Genomedia, Molecular Health, MSD, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Ono Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, Sumitomo Dainippon, Sysmex and Taiho Pharmaceutical. E.V.C. has a consulting or advisory role at AbbVie, Agenus, ALX, Amgen, Arcus Biosciences, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeiGene, BioNTech, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Debiopharm, ElmediX, Eisai, GSK, Hookipa Biotech, Incyte, Ipsen, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merck KGaA, Mirati, Novartis, Nordic, Pierre Fabre, Pfizer, Roche, Seagen, Servier, Simcere, Takeda, Taiho Pharmaceutical and Terumo. C.E. has a consulting role at Bayer, Boston Scientific, GlaxoSmithKline, HalioDx, Merck, Mirati, Hookipa, J&J, Natera, Roche, Seagen, Taiho and Veloxis and receives research funding (to VUMC) from Elevar, Hutchinson, Merck and Pfizer. T.W.K. receives research funding (institutional) from AstraZeneca, Sanofi and Roche/Genentech. H.S.W. has a consulting or advisory role at Amgen, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb (Celgene), Boehringer Ingelheim (DMC), BTG, EXACT Therapeutics, Erytech Pharma, Incyte, Merck KGaA, Oaktree Life Sciences, OncoSil, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Roche/Genentech, Seagen, Servier, Shire, Sirtex Medical, Takeda (Hutchinson Med) and Zymeworks and recieves research funding (institutional) from Merck KGaA, MSD, Pfizer and Sirtex Medical. J.D. has a consulting or advisory role at Amgen, Bayer, BeiGene, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, GSK, Merck KGaA and Pierre Fabre and receives research funding from AstraZeneca/MedImmune, BeiGene, Bionomics, Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Lilly, Novartis and Roche. F.C. has a consulting or advisory role at Amgen, Bayer, Merck KGaA, Pfizer and Roche/Genentech and receives research funding from Amgen, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ipsen, Merck KGaA, MSD, Roche/Genentech, Servier and Symphogen. R.Y. has a consulting or advisory role at Array BioPharma/Pfizer, Mirati Therapeutics, Zai Lab and Amgen and receives research funding from Array BioPharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Mirati Therapeutics, Pfizer and Daiichi Sankyo. T.S.M. has a consulting or advisory role at AstraZeneca, Pierre Fabre and Vertex; receives research funding (institutional) from Almac Diagnostics, AstraZeneca, Merck KgAA and PsiOxus Therapeutics; and has a patent pending. E.B., Xiaoxi Zhang and G.F. are employees of and have stock and other ownership interests in Pfizer. Xiaosong Zhang is an employee of and has stock and other ownership interests in Pfizer and has patents, royalties or other intellectual property via Johns Hopkins University. J.T. has a consulting or advisory role at Array BioPharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Genentech, HalioDx, Hutchison MediPharma, Ikena Oncology, Inspirna, IQVIA, Lilly, Menarini, Merck Serono, Merus, Mirati Therapeutics, MSD, NeoPhore, Novartis, Ona Therapeutics, Orion Biotechnology, Peptomyc, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi, Scandion Oncology, Scorpion Therapeutics, Seagen, Servier, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Tessa Therapeutics and TheraMyc and has other relationships with Amgen, Array Biopharma, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Cancer Research UK, Celgene, Debiopharm, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Fundación Científica de la Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer, Genentech, HalioDx, Hutchinson Medipharma, Imedex, Janssen-Cilag, MedImmune, Medscape, Menarini, Merck Health KGaA, MJH Life Sciences, MSD, Merus, Mirati, Novartis, Oniria Therapeutics, PeerView Institute for Medical Education, Pfizer, PharmaMar, Physicans’ Education Resource, Sanofi-Aventis, Servier and Taiho Pharmaceutical.