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First Online: 6 February 2025

Competing interests

: B.Y.M. is an employee at SandboxAQ. I.Y.C. is a minority shareholder in Apple, Amazon, Alphabet and Microsoft. S. Sun is an employee at Ruby Robotics. T.Z. is a medical consultant for Xyla Health. M.G. is an employee of Pfizer. A.J.B. is a co-founder and consultant to Personalis and NuMedii; a consultant to Samsung, Mango Tree Corporation, and in the recent past, 10x Genomics, Helix, Pathway Genomics and Verinata (Illumina); has served on paid advisory panels or boards for Geisinger Health, Regenstrief Institute, Gerson Lehman Group, AlphaSights, Covance, Novartis, Genentech, and Merck and Roche; is a shareholder in Personalis and NuMedii; is a minor shareholder in Apple, Facebook, Alphabet (Google), Microsoft, Amazon, Snap, 10x Genomics, Illumina, CVS, Nuna Health, Assay Depot, Vet24seven, Regeneron, Sanofi, Royalty Pharma, AstraZeneca, Moderna, Biogen, Paraxel and Sutro, and several other non-health related companies and mutual funds; and has received honoraria and travel reimbursement for invited talks from Johnson & Johnson, Roche, Genentech, Pfizer, Merck, Lilly, Takeda, Varian, Mars, Siemens, Optum, Abbott, Celgene, AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Westat, and many academic institutions, medical or disease specific foundations and associations, and health systems. A.J.B. receives royalty payments from Stanford University, for several patents and other disclosures licensed to NuMedii and Personalis; has received research funding from the NIH, Peraton (as the prime on an NIH contract), Genentech, Johnson and Johnson, FDA, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Leon Lowenstein Foundation, Intervalien Foundation, Priscilla Chan and Mark Zuckerberg, the Barbara and Gerson Bakar Foundation, and in the recent past, the March of Dimes, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, L’Oreal and Progenity. None of these organizations or companies had any influence or involvement in the development of this manuscript. B.N. is a co-founder at Qualified Health PBC. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.