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Article History

Received: 23 April 2024

Accepted: 19 December 2024

First Online: 20 January 2025

Competing interests

: E.O.H.: consulting or advisory role with Blueprint Medicines and the American Board of Internal Medicine Subspecialty Board; research funding from Blueprint Medicines and Tmunity Therapeutics. J.J.M.: fees received from IASO Biotherapeutics, Poseida Therapeutics and Kite Pharma unrelated to this work; holds patents related to enhancing immune cell efficacy and predicting chimeric antigen responsiveness issued to Novartis. S.A.G.: support received and advisory capacities served for multiple entities within the pharmaceutical sector, including Novartis and Servier. N.V.F., D.L.P. and F.D.B.: engaged with Sana Biotechnology; N.V.F. also holds consultancy roles with Novartis and Syndax Pharmaceuticals and obtains funding from Kite Pharma. J.L.R.: grants received from Tmunity/Kite outside the submitted work and is a co-founder of Tmunity Therapeutics and BlueWhale Bio with monetary compensation and equity. M.R.: patents related to CD19 CAR-T cells; consultant for NanoString, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Scaylite, Bayer and AbClon; research funding received from AbClon, NanoString, Oxford NanoImaging, viTToria Biotherapeutics, CURIOX and Beckman Coulter; scientific founder of viTToria Biotherapeutics. S.I.G.: stock ownership interests in Carisma Therapeutics; advisory role with Asher Bio; research funding from Carisma Therapeutics and Novartis; holds patents for chimeric antigen receptor T cells for acute myeloid leukemia. S.J.S.: consultant to various companies, including AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Celgene, Genentech, Genmab, Fate Therapeutics, Roche, Incyte, Juno Therapeutics, Legend Biotech, Loxo Oncology, MorphoSys, Mustang Biotech, Nordic Nanovector, Novartis and Regeneron; research funding received from AbbVie, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Celgene, DTRM, Genentech, Roche, Juno Therapeutics, Merck, Novartis, Incyte, Pharmacyclics and TG Therapeutics; honoraria from Celgene and Novartis; holds patents related to CD19 CAR-T cells and autologous co-stimulated T cells. A.D.C.: consulting with Janssen, GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, Genentech/Roche, Pfizer, AbbVie, Arcellx and Ichnos. A.L.G.: consulting with Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, AbbVie, Regeneron, Gracell Bio and Legend; research funding from Novartis, Janssen, Tmunity and CRISPR Therapeutics; patents in CAR-T cell therapy with Novartis. P.D.S.: stock ownership interests in Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Merck and Amgen; consulting or advisory role with Tmunity Therapeutics. D.L.P.: membership on advisory boards for the National Marrow Donor Program, Kite/Gilead, Janssen, Incyte, Sana Biotechnology and Verismo; equity holder in Genentech; honoraria from the American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; patents and royalties with Novartis, Tmunity and Wiley and Sons Publishing. S.L.M.: clinical trial support and advisory roles with Novartis and Wugen; pending patent with Novartis. B.L.L.: consultancy and advisory positions with Terumo, GlaxoSmithKline and Kite; co-founder and equity holder in Tmunity Therapeutics (acquired by Kite) and Capstan Therapeutics; membership on advisory boards for Avectas, Capstan Therapeutics (chair), Immuneel, Immusoft, In8bio, Ori Biotech, Oxford Biomedica, Thermo Fisher Pharma Services and UTC Therapeutics; Alliance for Cancer Gene Therapy Board of Directors. D.L.S.: founder’s equity and licensed intellectual property to Verismo Therapeutics, Vetigenics and Chimeric Therapeutics. A.C.: co-founder with equity in Tmunity Therapeutics. M.M.D.: intellectual property and patent rights concerning T-cell-based cancer immunotherapy, including royalty payments; research funding from Tmunity Therapeutics; member of the scientific advisory board for Cellares Corporation. F.H.: research funding from Danaher and Kite. E.A.S.: consultant for Janssen and Bristol Myers Squibb; grant funding from Sorrento and AbbVie. A.R.H.: consulting or advisory role with Olympus America and Novocure. N.B.H.: consulting or advisory role with Pfizer, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Calithera Biosciences, Eisai, Exelixis, AVEO and Roche/Genentech; expert testimony with Eli Lilly. D.M.O.: inventor of intellectual property and received royalties related to targeted ErbB therapy in solid cancers and CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors; inventor on multiple patents licensed by the University of Pennsylvania. J.S.: consulting or advisory role with Seattle Genetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Pharmacyclics and Imbrium; research funding from Celgene, Seattle Genetics, Pharmacyclics, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Incyte and AstraZeneca; research funding from Kite. R.A.: honoraria from Sigma-Tau; expert testimony with Wiggin and Dana. A.H.K.: honoraria from various organizations; consulting or advisory roles with ERYTECH Pharma, Imugene, SynCoreBio, Gritstone Bio, Roche/Genentech, Ipsen, Five Prime Therapeutics, Tyme, Turning Point Therapeutics, Signatera and Syros Pharmaceuticals; speakers’ bureau with Clinical Care Options; research funding from Celgene, Merck, Genentech/Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, AbGenomics International, Apexigen and Astellas Pharma. R.B.C.: consulting or advisory role with Heat Biologics, Takeda, Alkermes, Kyntherapeutics, Innate Pharma, Cantargia, Genocea Biosciences and AstraZeneca; research funding from Heat Biologics, Merck, Celldex, Innate Pharma, Kyntherapeutics, Xencor and Genocea Biosciences. C.H.J.: royalties paid from Novartis and Kite to the University of Pennsylvania; scientific co-founder and equity holder in Capstan Therapeutics, Dispatch Biotherapeutics and BlueWhale Bio; board membership with AC Immune; scientific advisory roles with various companies, including BlueSphereBio, Cabaletta, Carisma, Cartography, Cellares, Cellcarta, Celldex, Danaher, Decheng, ImmuneSensor, Kite, Poseida, Verismo, Viracta and WIRB-Copernicus group. J.A.F.: patents and intellectual property in T cell-based cancer immunotherapy with royalties; funding from Tmunity Therapeutics and Danaher; consultancy with Retro Biosciences; scientific advisory board memberships with Cartography Bio, Shennon Biotechnologies, CellFe Biotech, OverT Bio and Tceleron Therapeutics. All other authors declare no competing interests.