Document is current

Article History

Received: 31 May 2024

Accepted: 18 December 2024

First Online: 27 January 2025

Competing interests

: A. Aminian reported receiving research grants from Medtronic and Ethicon. He serves as a consultant for Medtronic, Ethicon and Eli Lilly. R.L. serves as a consultant or advisory board member for 89Bio, Alnylam, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cirius, CohBar, DiCerna, Galmed, Gilead, Glympse Bio, Intercept, Ionis, Metacrine, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sagimet and Viking Therapeutics. In addition, his institution has received grant support from Allergan, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galmed Pharmaceuticals, Genfit, Gilead, Intercept, Inventiva, Janssen, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Novartis, Pfizer, pH Pharma and Siemens. He is also cofounder of Liponexus. A.J.S. has stock options in Genfit, Tiziana, Indalo, Durect, Inversago and Galmed. He has served as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Salix, Tobira, Takeda, Janssen, Gilead, Terns, Merck, Madrigal, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Sagimet, Valeant, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Hemoshear, Novartis, Inventiva, Enyo, Akero, 89Bio, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Amgen, Genentech, Regeneron, Alnylam, Hanmi, LG Chem, Histoindex, Theratechnologies, Intercept, Target-RWE, Surrozen, Zydus, Path AI, Exhalenz and Genfit. His institution has received grant support from Gilead, Salix, Tobira, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Intercept, Merck, AstraZeneca, Malinckrodt and Novartis. He receives royalties from Elsevier and UptoDate. N.A. has received research funding from 89Bio, Akero, AbbVie/Allergan, Better Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Corcept, Galectin, Genentech, Genfit, Gilead, Healio, Hepagene, Intercept, Inventiva, Ionis, Madrigal, Merck, NGM, Noom, NorthSea, Novo Nordisk, Perspectum, Pfizer, Poxel, Viking and Zydus; has attended speaker bureaus for AbbVie/Allergan, Alexion, Echosens, Eisai, Exelixis, Gilead, Intercept, Perspectum, Salix and Theratechnologies; and has acted as a consultant for AbbVie/Allergan, Echosens, Gilead, Intercept, Madrigal, Novo Nordisk, Perspectum, Pfizer and Zydus. S.E.N. reported receiving grants to perform clinical trials from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Esperion Therapeutics Inc, Medtronic, MyoKardia, New Amsterdam Pharmaceuticals, Novartis and Silence Therapeutics. The other authors declare no competing interests.