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Article History

Received: 13 July 2024

Accepted: 8 January 2025

First Online: 7 February 2025

Competing interests

: S.M. reported personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb (consulting services) outside the submitted work. E.B.W. reported grants from Boehringer Ingelheim and personal fees from Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CVRx and Novartis outside the submitted work. A.L. reported personal fees from Medtronic, Abbott, Edwards Lifesciences, Boston Scientific, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Pfizer, Abiomed, Bayer and Boehringer Ingelheim outside the submitted work. F.E. reported personal fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, CVRx, Medtronic, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, PharmaCosmos, Resmed, Servier and Vifor Pharma; nonfinancial support from Novartis and grants from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Servier and Thermo Fischer Scientific outside the submitted work. R.W. reported personal fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, CVRx, Daiichi, Medtronic, Novartis, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos and Servier and research support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and European Union and Medtronic outside the submitted work. V.A. reported personal fees from MSD, Berlin Chemie, Janssen, Coloplast and Novo Nordisk (consulting fees and honoraria for lectures) and is the president of the German Managed Care Association (2007–2022) outside the submitted work. M.H. reported honoraria for lectures from Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Lilly, Medi, Novartis, Pfizer and Roche; consulting fees from Medical Park and is the past president of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (presidency 2020–2022) outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.