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Article History

Received: 24 July 2024

Accepted: 14 January 2025

First Online: 27 February 2025

Change Date: 8 March 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: In the version of this article initially published, the second and third labels on the y axis of the “Posttreament” heatmap in Fig. 2b were out of order and are now amended to match the “Pretreatment” labels in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

Change Date: 4 April 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: In the version of the article initially published, the sentence "We thank K. Alexander and the Sydney Brain Tumour Bank at the Chris O’Brien Lifehouse and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital for providing tissue and plasma specimens" was missing from the Acknowledgements section and has now been added to the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

Competing interests

: G.V.L. is consultant adviser for Agenus, Amgen, Array Biopharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BioNTech, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Evaxion, Hexal AG (a Sandoz Company), Highlight Therapeutics, IOBiotech, Immunocore, Innovent Biologics USA, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Novartis, PHMR Ltd, Pierre Fabre and Regeneron. R.V.R. has received an honorarium from Merck Sharpe & Dohme. M.S.C. has served on advisory boards or as a consultant for Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Ideaya, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Nektar, Novartis, Oncosec, Pierre Fabre, Qbiotics, Regeneron, Roche, Merck KGaA and Sanofi, and received honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharpe & Dohme and Novartis. D.E.G. has served on advisory boards for Amgen and received honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb and Merck Sharpe & Dohme. J.E.J.R. reports advisory roles for the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee, the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, the Australian Government and the Human Research Ethics Committee of Genea. J.E.J.R. also reports honoraria, speaker fees or advisory roles for SPARK Therapeutics, Cynata and Pfizer; shares in Woke Pharmaceutical; is a nonexecutive director of Kennerton Capital; is a cofounder of AAVec Bio; and a consultant role for RareCyteand, with stocks in lieu. A.M.M. has served on advisory boards for Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Novartis, Roche, Pierre Fabre and QBiotics. I.P.d.S. declares honoraria, speaker fees or advisory roles for Pierre Fabre, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Roche, Novartis and Bristol Myers Squibb, and has served as consultant on advisory boards for Merck Sharpe & Dohme. D.A.R. has received honoraria for serving on advisory boards or as a consultant for Agenus, Avita Biomedical, Bayer, Blue Rock Therapeutics, Boston Biomedical, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, CeCava, Chimeric Therapeutics, Deciphera, Ellipses Pharma, EMD Serono, Genentech/Roche, Imvax, Inovio, Medicenna Biopharma, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Merck KGaA, Monteris, Novartis, Oncorus, Oxigene, Regeneron and Taiho Oncology. He has stocks in AnHeart Therapeutics and Bionaut Labs. Laboratory research support for his work has been paid to the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute by Enterome, NeoTX Ltd (240K) and Ashvattha Therapeutics (119K). M.K. reports grants or contracts from Bristol Myers Squibb, AbbVie, BioNTech, CNS Pharmaceuticals, Daiichi Sankyo, Immorna Therapeutics, Immvira Therapeutics, JAX lab for genomic research and Personalis; he has received consulting fees from AnHeart Therapeutics, Berg Pharma, George Clinical, Manarini Stemline and Servier; he has received honoraria from GlaxoSmithKline; and is on a data safety monitoring board for BPGbio. R.A.S. has received fees for professional services from SkylineDx, IO Biotech, MetaOptima Technology, Roche, Evaxion, Provectus Biopharmaceuticals Australia, Qbiotics, Novartis, Merck Sharp & Dohme, NeraCare, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Myriad Genetics and GlaxoSmithKline. R.A.S. is both the subject and an author of this study. The other authors declare no competing interests.