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Article History

Received: 21 October 2024

Accepted: 5 March 2025

First Online: 23 April 2025

Competing interests

: T.A.F. reports personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, DT Axis, Micron, Shionogi, SONY and UpToDate, and a grant from DT Axis and Shionogi, outside the submitted work. In addition, T.A.F. has a patent (7448125) and a pending patent (2022-082495), and has licensed intellectual properties for Kokoro-app to DT Axis. A.T. reports personal fees from Eisai and Shionogi outside the submitted work. M.S. is employed in the Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, which is an endowment department supported by the City of Nagoya, and has received a personal fee from SONY outside the submitted work. M.H. has a patent (7448125) and has licensed intellectual properties for Kokoro-app to Mitsubishi Tanabe. T.A. has received lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Chugai, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Kowa, Kyowa Kirin, Lundbeck, MSD, Meiji-Seika Pharma, Merck, Nipro, Otsuka, Pfizer, Shionogi, Sumitomo pharma, Takeda, Tsumura, UCB and Viatris, and a grant from Shinogi and royalties from Igaku-Shoin, outside the submitted work. T.A. serves as the representative director of the General Incorporated Association NCU CRESS and receives compensation as an advisor to Snom Inc. T.A. has pending patents (2020-135195 and 2024-516288) (Institute) and patents (7313617) (Institute). N. Kawakami is employed by the Junpukai Foundation and the Department of Digital Mental Health, The University of Tokyo, an endowment department that is supported by an unrestricted grant from 15 enterprises (). T.N. reports grants or contracts with I&H, Cocokarafine, Konica Minolta and NTT DATA, consulting fees from Ohtsuka, Takeda, Johnson & Johnson, AstraZeneca and Nippon Zoki, payment or honoraria for lectures, manuscript writing or educational events from Pfizer, MSD, Chugai, Takeda, Janssen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Maruho, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Novartis, Allergan, Novo Nordisk, Toa Eiyo, AbbVie, Ono, GSK, Alexion, Cannon Medical Systems, Kowa, Araya, Merck and Amicus, stock options in BonBon Inc., and a donation from Cancerscan and JMDC, all outside the submitted work. S.F. received personal fees from Kyowa Kirin, Boehringer Ingelheim, Toray Medical, Health and Global Policy Institute, White Healthcare and Health Insurance for Start-up Companies, and research grants from the Japan Health Insurance Association, National Health Insurance Association for Civil Engineering and Construction, Osaka Prefecture and Cancerscan, outside this work. R.C.K. was a consultant for Cambridge Health Alliance, Canandaigua VA Medical Center, Child Mind Institute, Holmusk, Massachusetts General Hospital, Partners Healthcare, Inc., RallyPoint Networks, Inc., Sage Therapeutics and University of North Carolina. He has stock options in Cerebral Inc., Mirah, PYM (Prepare Your Mind), Roga Sciences and Verisense Health. The other authors declare no competing interests.