Wu, Hao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-4954
Lv, Bomin
Zhi, Luqian
Shao, Yikai
Liu, Xinyan
Mitteregger, Matthias https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-6415
Chakaroun, Rima
Tremaroli, Valentina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-4233
Hazen, Stanley L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7124-6639
Wang, Ru
Bergström, Göran https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4289-5722
Bäckhed, Fredrik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4871-8818
Funding for this research was provided by:
Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse (2017.0026)
Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF15OC0016798)
Diabetesfonden (DIA2023-800)
Vetenskapsrådet (2019-01599)
Fondation Leducq (Leducq Foundation)
Hjärt-Lungfonden
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82270582)
Article History
Received: 16 August 2024
Accepted: 5 March 2025
First Online: 8 April 2025
Competing interests
: F.B. receives research support from Biogaia and Novo Nordisk; he is founder and shareholder of Implexion Pharma and Roxbiosens, and serves on the scientific advisory board for Bactolife. S.L.H. is co-inventor on pending and issued patents held by the Cleveland Clinic relating to cardiovascular diagnostics and therapeutics. He is a paid consultant for Procter & Gamble and Zehna Therapeutics, and has received research funding from Procter & Gamble, Zehna Therapeutics and Roche Diagnostics. He is eligible to receive royalty payments for inventions or discoveries related to cardiovascular diagnostics or therapeutics from Cleveland HeartLab and Procter & Gamble. The other authors declare no competing interests.