Updates are available Correction dated 2025-04-29

Article History

Received: 5 August 2024

Accepted: 10 March 2025

First Online: 9 April 2025

Change Date: 29 April 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-03731-6

Competing interests

: M.W.: honoraria: Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GWT, Janssen, Merck Novartis, Pfizer, Serono and Synlab; consulting or advisory role: Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Eli Lilly, ImCheck Therapeutics, Immatics, ISA Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, PharmaMar, Regeneron, Tacalyx and Zymeworks; research funding (to institution): Roche; travel, accommodations, expenses: Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, GEMoaB, Immatics, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Janssen Oncology, Merck/Senoro, Pfizer and Sanofi/Aventis. D.M.A.: research funding: Adaptimmune, GlaxoSmithKline and Immatics. A.M.T.: consulting or advisory role: Avstera, BioEclipse Therapeutics, BrYet, Diaccurate, Macrogenics, Nex-I and Vincerx; research funding: BrYet (to institution), AbbVie, Agenus, Immatics, Macrogenics, Novocure Ltd., OBI Pharma, Orionis, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Tachyon, Tempus, Tvardi Therapeutics and Vividion Therapeutics. T.A.W.H.: honoraria: Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline and Jazz Pharmaceuticals; consulting or advisory role: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Kite/Gilead, Novartis, Otsuka, Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre and Sanofi; travel, accomodations, expenses: AbbVie, Amgen, Astellas, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Immatics, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Kite/Gilead, Kyverna Therapeutics, Medac, Neovii, Sanofi and Sobi. A.A.J.: stock or other ownership: Avenge Bio; consulting or advisory role: Avenge Bio, Eisei, GLG, Guidepoint, Macrogenics, Sentinel Bio and Theolytics; research funding: AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Immatics, Immunon, Iovance, Macrogenics, Merck and Xencor; travel, accomodations, expenses: Striker. R.R.: consulting or advisory role: Allogene, Autolus, Gilead, Incyte, Orca Bio, Quell Biotherapeutics, Sana Biotechnology and TScan; research funding (all to institution): AbbVie, Atara Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cabaletta, CareDx, Genentech, Gilead, Immatics, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, Precision Biosciences, Sanofi, Synthekine, Takeda, TCR2 and TScan; expert testimony: Bayer; travel, accommodations, expenses: Gilead and Johnson & Johnson. C.B.: consulting fees: AOK Germany, AstraZeneca, Bayer Healthcare, BioNTech, Lindis Biotech and Sanofi Aventis; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakersʼ bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events: med update, Merck Serono and Roche Pharma; data safety monitoring board or advisory board: German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO), Hamburg Cancer Society (HKG), German Cancer Society (DKG), National Network of German Cancer Centers (CCC)/German Cancer Aid (DKH) and Northern Germany Society of Internal Medicine (NWGIM). W.A.: consulting or advisory role: Janssen; research funding (received through institution): Affimed and BioNTech; travel, accommodation, expenses: BioNTech, Immatics and Janssen; honoraria: Astellas, AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline and Janssen. H.-G.R.: stock or other ownership: CureVac, Immatics and ViferaXS; consulting or advisory role: Immatics; patents, royalities, other intellectual property: CureVac, Immatics and ViferaXS. P.B.: consulting or advisory role: BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb and Kite; research funding: Bristol Myers Squibb. J.J.L.: data safety and monitoring board: AbbVie, Agenus, Evaxion, Immutep and Shionogi; scientific advisory board (no stock): 7 Hills, Affivant, BioCytics, Bright Peak, Exo, Fstar, Inzen, RefleXion and Xilio; scientific advisory board (stock): Actym, Alphamab Oncology, Arch Oncology, Duke Street Bio, Elipscience, Kanaph, NeoTx, Onc.AI, OncoNano, physIQ, Pyxis, Saros, Stipe and Tempest; consultancy with compensation: AbbVie, Agenus, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Askgene, Atomwise, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Castle, Checkmate, Codiak, Crown, Cugene, Curadev, Day One, Eisai, EMD Serono, Endeavor, Flame, G1 Therapeutics, Genentech, Geneos, Gilead, Glenmark, HotSpot, Kadmon, Ko Bio Labs, Krystal, KSQ, Janssen, Ikena, Inzen, Immatics, Immunocore, Incyte, Instil, IO Biotech, LegoChem, Lyvgen, Macrogenics, Merck, Mersana, Nektar, Novartis, Partner, Pfizer, Pioneering Medicines, PsiOxus, Regeneron, Replimmune, Ribon, Roivant, Servier, STINGthera, Storm, Sumoitomo, Synlogic, Synthekine and Teva; research support (all to institution): AbbVie, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Corvus, Day One, EMD Serono, Fstar, Genmab, Hot Spot, Ikena, Immatics, Imugene, Incyte, Janux, Kadmon, KAHR, Macrogenics, Merck, Synlogic, Takeda, Trishula, Tizona, Tscan, Werewolf and Xencor; patents: US-11638728 (‘Microbiome biomarkers for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 responsiveness: diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic uses thereof’). K.A., L.B., S.B., J.F., S.G., S.H., N.H., J.H., M.A.K., D.M., A.M.-M., R.M., M.L., H.S., O.S., C.W., C.R., H.S.-J., T.W. and C.M.B. were employees of Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH during the course of this work and may have securities from Immatics. M.B.H., M.K., D.K., A.M., K.P., A.S. and S.W. were employees of Immatics US, Inc. during the course of this work and may have securities from Immatics. The other authors declare no competing interests.