Guasch-Ferré, Marta https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8525-1404
Wittenbecher, Clemens https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7792-877X
Palmnäs, Marie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3906-7638
Ben-Yacov, Orly
Blaak, Ellen E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2496-3464
Dahm, Christina C.
Fall, Tove https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2071-5866
Heitmann, Berit L.
Licht, Tine R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6399-9574
Löf, Marie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-4430
Loos, Ruth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8532-5087
Patel, Chirag J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8756-8525
Quarta, Carmelo
Redman, Leanne M.
Segal, Eran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6859-1164
Segata, Nicola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1583-5794
Snyder, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0784-7987
Sun, Qi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8480-1563
Tobias, Deirdre K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0020-9552
Hu, Frank B.
Franks, Paul W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0520-7604
Landberg, Rikard https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6399-7608
Sargent, Jennifer L. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3697-1737
Merino, Jordi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8312-1438
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Commission (101161509)
Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF23SA0084103, NNF23SA0084103, NNF23SA0084103)
European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (#0094134)
Article History
Received: 15 November 2024
Accepted: 21 March 2025
First Online: 30 April 2025
Competing interests
: M.G.-F. is the principal investigator of a grant funded by the International Nut Council (INC). R. Landberg is the founder of the Nordic Rye Forum—a platform for collaboration on rye and health between universities, institutes and industry. R. Landberg is a member of the scientific panel of the Lantmännen Research Foundation and Arla Food and Health. R. Landberg is a recipient of research grants from the Lantmännen Research Foundation, Lantmännen, Barilla, Oatly and Arla for specific projects. P.W.F. is a member of the scientific advisory board of and has received consulting honoraria from Zoe Ltd. He was a senior investigator in the PREDICT1 trial. J.L.S. has received consulting fees from the World Health Organization and the University of Bergen. This work was done outside these roles, and the opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the World Health Organization or the University of Bergen. J.L.S. is the founder of BabelFisk, which provides consulting services in health sciences and public and global health; she was also Deputy Editor of Nature Medicine until December 2023, and all work on the current Review was done after she left employment at Springer Nature. M.S. is a cofounder and scientific advisor of Crosshair Therapeutics, Exposomics, Filtricine, Fodsel, iollo, InVu Health, January AI, Marble Therapeutics, Mirvie, Next Thought AI, Orange Street Ventures, Personalis, Protos Biologics, Qbio, RTHM and SensOmics. M.S. is a scientific advisor of Abbratech, Applied Cognition, Enovone, Jupiter Therapeutics, M3 Helium, Mitrix, Neuvivo, Onza, Sigil Biosciences, TranscribeGlass, WndrHLTH and Yuvan Research. M.S. is a cofounder of NiMo Therapeutics. M.S. is an investor and scientific advisor of R42 and Swaza. M.S. is an investor in Repair Biotechnologies. The other authors declare no competing interests.